Phrenapates dux Gebien, 1910

Figs 2C, 3D, 4C–D, 5B, 6–7, 8G–H, 12

Phrenapates dux Gebien, 1910: 504.

Diagnosis

Phrenapates dux (27–36 mm) can be separated from the other large species P. bennettii (26–39 mm) and P. ohausi (28–39 mm) by its lack of supraorbital tubercles. Other species which lack supraorbital tubercles can usually be separated by size (P. dux 27–36 mm vs 18–28 mm and 21–26 mm in P. latreillei and P. educator, respectively). Phrenapates dux can be separated from P. latreillei through the presence of a tooth on the inner margin of the mandibles (present in P. latreillei, absent in P. dux). The horn in P. dux is especially unique within the genus, being constricted at the base, dorsally flattened on the top, and having an angular arc. Other species without supraorbital tubercles are differentiated by clypeal horns with strong, circular arcs (P. latreillei), or with weak arcs (P. educator). The lateral apices of the mentum are produced in P. dux, rather than rounded of P. ohausi. The dorsal ridge next to the clypeus is not dilated as in P. educator. Mandibles without the crenulations seen in P. bennettii.

Type material

Lectotype (designated here)

ECUADOR • ♂; (green label) “O. Ecuador. / Macas // Phrenapates / dux / X Geb (red label) Cotype! / No. 166 // Sammlung / H Gebien // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23166”; Teneb_base 23166; NHMB.

Other material examined

BOLIVIA • 1 spec.; Yungas de La Paz; Teneb_base 23191; NHMB • 1 spec.; Yungas de LePaz, 1000m; H. Rolle Berlin S.W.N. leg.; Teneb_base 23184; NHMB.

CHILE • 1 spec.; [northern] Chili; 29 Dec. 1973; [C]. G. Minet leg.; Teneb_base 23259; NHMB.

ECUADOR • 1 spec.; Napo, 3 km E of Huaticocha; 0°45.22' S; 77°27.84 W; 19 Aug. 1997; A.R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb_base 22949; AAAG • 2 specs; Napo Prov. Archidona, Rio Hollin; 21 Dec. 2001; P. Bravo and E. Vasquez leg; collection R. Diaz; Teneb_base 23214 to 23215; AAAG • 3 specs; Zatzayacu Oriente; 10 Nov. 1932; Teneb_base 23222 to 23224; AMNH • 5 specs; El Partidero; 17–27 Nov. 1935; Teneb_ base 23225 to 23228, 23233; AMNH • 1 spec; Zatzayacu Oriente; 10 Nov. 1932; Teneb_base 23229; AMNH • 1 spec; [East] Ecuador Jivaria; 17 Nov. 1905; Ohaus leg.; Teneb_base 22809; BMNH • 2 specs; Quito F4724; Teneb_base 23220 to 23221; CASC • 1 spec.; Macas er.; Teneb_base 23275; CASC • 1 spec.; Guayaquil SA; Teneb_base 23199; CASC • 4 specs; 3–12 m N of Puyo, Napo Pastaza; 935 m a.s.l.; 9 Nov. 1955; E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross leg.; Teneb_base 23192 to 23195; CASC • 1 spec.; Lumbaqui; 23 Sept. 1977; Teneb_base 23201; FMNH • 3 specs; Arajuno; Oct. 1960; L.E. Pena coll. acc. 17-422; Teneb_base 23196 to 23198; FMNH • 1 spec.; Pastaza Jibaria Shurupe; 7 Nov. 1987; Mike Huybensz leg.; Teneb_base 23202; FMNH • 1 spec.; 1853; Museum Paris Chimborazo, and Pichincha MANDEVILLE; Teneb_base 23273; MNHN • 1 spec.; 1922; Teneb_base 23274; MNHN • 2 specs; [East] Ecuador Macas No. 166; Zuña on Huilca MUSEUM PARIS de Macas Cap D'espanay Mars; Teneb_base 23189 to 23190; NHMB • 2 specs; same location as for preceding; Teneb_base 23179 to 23180; NHMB • 1 spec.; Panelos (?) [illegible]; Teneb_base 23185; NHMB • 8 specs; Napo Prov. Archidona; Rio Hollin; 21 Dec. 2001; R. Diaz, P.Bravo and E. Vasquez leg.; Teneb_base 23234 to 23241; TAMU.

GUYANA • 1 spec.; Reg 8, Potaro River, 5°18' N, 59°54.635' W [WGS84]; 5 Jun. 2012; R.A. Koch leg.; Teneb_base 23242; PERC.

PERU • 1 spec.; Upper Rio Huallaga; 1 Jan. 1926; Teneb_base 23230; AMNH • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; Oct. 1929; Teneb_base 23231; AMNH • 1 spec.; Rio Huallaga; Oct. 1930; Teneb_base 23232; AMNH • 1 spec.; same location as for preceding; Teneb_base 23243; AMNH • 3 specs; Kaieteur, BG.; 6 Aug. 1911; Teneb_base 23217 to 23219; AMNH • 2 specs; Marcapata; Teneb_base 23187 to 23188; NHMB • 1 spec.; Cusco Dept. Villa Carmen field station, 1.2 km N of cafeteria; 12.87753° S, 71.40153° W; 525–1000 m a.s.l.; 27 May 2011; D.J. Bennett leg.; hand collecting; PER-11-DJB-036.; Teneb_base 18774; SEMC.

VENEZUELA • 1 spec.; Mt Duida, 1158 m a.s.l., Amazonas; Feb. 1968; J. Rivero; MCZ-Ent 00753334; Teneb_base 23244; MCZ • 1 spec.; La Escalera Bolivar, on rotten log near a stream; 1000 m a.s.l.; 22 Mar. 1968; J.A.Rivero leg.; MCZ-ENT 000753333; Teneb_base 23216; MCZ.

Redescription

MEASUREMENTS. Length 27–36 mm, width 10–12 mm, specimens measured (n = 20).

HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum weakly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices produced. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles absent. Clypeal horn with wide base, arced (in lateral view); dorsal surface flattened, ending bluntly at tip.

Status

While the original description does not provide a specific number of specimens examined; it does indicate that there were multiple individuals by providing a size range. Therefore, we designate here a lectotype from the presumed syntype series (see above for label data).

Distribution

South America: Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela (Fig. 7).