Spatio-Temporal Dataset of Carbon Intensity in Utsunomiya City, Japan

This dataset presents the spatio-temporal distribution of CO₂ emission factors associated with electricity consumption in Utsunomiya City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Carbon intensity was calculated using aggregated electricity consumption data at the 1-km mesh level, without referencing individual consumers, to consider data privacy. The estimates incorporate photovoltaic (PV) generation and behind-the-meter (BTM) self-consumption, along with the temporal variation in the grid electricity mix.

The dataset provides lifecycle CO₂ emission factors (kg-CO₂/kWh) at a temporal resolution of 30 minutes and a spatial resolution of 1 km², covering 344 areas across the city for fiscal year 2022 (file: carbon_intensity_all_344mesh.csv). The first row of carbon_intensity_all_344mesh.csv contains the mesh IDs corresponding to each area. Geographical coordinates for each mesh are provided in meshcode.csv.

Please note that the smart meter data used in this study was purchased from the Secured Meter Data Sharing Association specifically for this research and cannot be redistributed.

By quantifying the intra-city variation in carbon intensity, this dataset aims to support applications such as the optimal allocation of distributed energy resources and the development of demand response strategies. Details of the carbon intensity calculation methodology are available in the following publication:
Soma Sugano et al., Quantifying spatio-temporal carbon intensity within a city using large-scale smart meter data: Unveiling the impact of behind-the-meter generation, Applied Energy, Volume 383, 2025, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125373