BRINGING MERCENARIES TO JUSTICE: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, CHALLENGES, AND CASE STUDIES IN ADDRESSING MERCENARISM IN FOREIGN ARMED CONFLICTS

Mercenarism, the act of engaging in armed conflict for private gain, presents unique legal challenges in the pursuit of justice. This article explores the international and national legal frameworks governing mercenarism, the specific obstacles to prosecuting mercenaries for actions in foreign conflicts, and real-world cases that illustrate accountability efforts. Drawing on treaties, conventions, national laws, and documented prosecutions, it highlights the complexities of jurisdiction, evidence collection, and political dynamics. Case studies, including the Luanda Trial of 1976, the 2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt, and the Wagner Group’s contemporary operations, underscore both progress and persistent gaps. The analysis concludes with recommendations to strengthen enforcement mechanisms.