Conspiracy vs Populism
Creators
Description
Anonymous version for reviewers: This dataset and accompanying materials represent data collected from a public opinion survey conducted in Italy in July 2024. The survey was administered through online interviews using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. The sample includes 1,558 adult residents of Italy, distributed across various demographics including region, gender, age, and political affiliation, with data weighted according to the latest ISTAT parameters.
The survey covers various topics, including political behaviour, conspiracy beliefs, populism, trust in public institutions, social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and personal satisfaction. Respondents were asked about their voting choices in the 2024 European elections, their views on conspiracy theories, their trust in Italian political and health institutions, and their social and political attitudes.
Technical info (English)
Codebook
The survey was conducted through online interviews using the CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) method within a sample of 1,558 adults residing in Italy, distributed by area of residence, gender, age, and the party voted for in the 2024 European elections.
The interviews were administered between 10 and 19 July 2024.
The methods used to identify the final units were random, similar to probabilistic samples. All parameters are aligned with the most recent data provided by ISTAT. The data were weighted to ensure representativeness concerning area of residence, age, gender, and the party voted for in the 2024 European elections. The statistical margin of error for the reported data is 2.5% with a 95% confidence interval.
|
Variable name |
Variable description |
Variable type |
Values and coding |
|
ID |
Interviewee ID |
Numeric |
|
|
Q006 |
Interviewee date |
String |
Date (format: DD/MM/YYYY) |
|
Q008 |
Gender |
Numeric |
1 = Male, 2 = Female, 3 = Non-binary/Other |
|
Q009 |
Date of birth |
String |
Date (format: DD/MM/YYYY) |
|
Q010 |
Age |
Numeric |
Age of the interviewee in years |
|
Q011 |
Year of birth |
Numeric |
Year of birth |
|
Q012 |
Age group |
Numeric |
1 = 18-24 years, 2 = 25-34 years, 3 = 35-44 years, 4 = 45-54 years, 5 = 55-64 years, 6 = Over 64 years |
|
Q013 |
Municipality of residence |
Numeric |
ISTAT code of the municipality of residence |
|
Q014 |
Region of residence |
Numeric |
1 = Piedmont 2 = Aosta Valley 3 = Lombardy 4 = Trentino-Alto Adige 5 = Veneto 6 = Friuli Venezia Giulia 7 = Liguria 8 = Emilia Romagna 9 = Tuscany 10 = Umbria 11 = Marche 12 = Lazio 13 = Abruzzo 14 = Molise 15 = Campania 16 = Apulia 17 = Basilicata 18 = Calabria 19 = Sicily 20 = Sardinia, 21=Abroad |
|
Q015 |
Province of residence |
Numeric |
Numerical code of the province of residence |
|
Q016 |
Geographic area (5 macro-areas) |
Numeric |
1 = North-West 2 = North-East 3 = Centre 4 = South 5 = Islands |
|
Q017 |
Gender indicator or other (robots/non-binary) |
String |
1 = Male 2 = Female |
|
Q018 |
Gender (ZES) |
Numeric |
1 = Male 2 = Female |
|
Q019 |
Education level |
Numeric |
1 = Elementary/no qualification 2 = Lower secondary 3 = Upper secondary in progress 4 = Professional diploma 5 = High school diploma 6 = University in progress 7 = Short university degree 8 = Bachelor’s degree 9 = Master’s degree 10 =postgraduate master's degree, 11=PhD |
|
Q020 |
Vote cast in the 2024 European elections |
Numeric |
1 = Brothers of Italy 2 = League 3 = Forza Italia 4 = Democratic Party 5 = Green-Left Alliance 6 = Five Star Movement 7 = United States of Europe 8 = Calenda’s Action 9 = Peace Land Dignity 10 = Freedom of De Luca 11 = Other party 12 = Did not vote 13 = Blank/null vote 14 = Prefer not to say |
|
Q021 |
Vote cast in the 2024 European elections (second control variable) |
Numeric |
1 = Brothers of Italy 2 = Lega 3 = Forza Italia 4 = Democratic Party 5 = Green-Left Alliance 6 = Five Star Movement 7 = United States of Europe 8 = Calenda’s Action 9 = Peace Land Dignity 10 = Freedom of De Luca 11 = Other party 12 = Did not vote 13 = Blank/null vote 14 = Prefer not to say |
|
Q022_01 |
The government carries out secret acts of violence |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q022_02 |
Events manipulated by small secret groups |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q022_03 |
Evidence of alien contact hidden from the public |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q022_04 |
Experiments on drugs conducted without consent |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q022_05 |
Advanced technologies hidden for personal interests |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither agree nor disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q023_01 |
Immigration and the replacement of European populations |
Numerica |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_02 |
Creation of viruses like COVID-19 in a laboratory |
Numerica |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_03 |
Population control through vaccines and 5G |
Numerica |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_04 |
Aliens and their alleged presence among politicians |
Numerica |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_05 |
The Holocaust and its veracity |
Numerica |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_06 |
Flat Earth theory |
Numeric |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q023_07 |
Chemtrails and climate control |
Numeric |
1 = Completely true, 2 = Mostly true, 3 = Neither true nor false, 4 = Mostly false, 5 = Completely false |
|
Q024_01 |
Politicians and their respect for the people's will |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q024_02 |
The role of the people in political decisions |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q024_03 |
Perceived differences between the elite and the people |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q024_04 |
Preference for a specialised politician vs. an ordinary citizen |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q024_05 |
Politicians and their work |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q024_06 |
Compromise in politics |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q025_01 |
Trust in the Italian Parliament |
Numeric |
1 = No trust, 11 = Complete trust |
|
Q025_02 |
Trust in the National Health Service |
Numeric |
1 = No trust, 11 = Complete trust |
|
Q025_03 |
Trust in the Italian police forces |
Numeric |
1 = No trust, 11 = Complete trust |
|
Q025_04 |
Trust in Italian politicians |
Numeric |
1 = No trust, 11 = Complete trust |
|
Q026 |
Italexit - Vote on EU membership |
Numeric |
1 = Remain in the EU, 2 = Leave the EU, 3 = I would not vote, 4 = Blank or null vote, 5 = I don't know |
|
Q027 |
Political self-placement from left to right |
Numeric |
1= (0left), 11= (10right) |
|
Q028 |
Average time on social networks (daily) |
Numeric |
1 = Less than 30 minutes, 2 = One hour, 3 = 1-2 hours, 4 = 2-3 hours, 5 = 4-5 hours, 6 = More than 5 hours |
|
Q029_01 |
Compassion as an important virtue |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q029_02 |
Respect for authority as a value to be taught |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q029_03 |
Loyalty to family even in case of wrongdoing |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q030 |
Overall life satisfaction |
Numeric |
1 = Not at all satisfied, 11 = Completely satisfied |
|
Q031_01 |
Trust in others |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q031_02 |
Attitude toward hiding true motives of an action |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q031_03 |
Belief in the kindness and goodness of people |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_01 |
Rebellion of young people against authority |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_02 |
Importance of discipline and following leaders |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_03 |
God’s laws on abortion, pornography, and marriage |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_04 |
Premarital relationships |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_05 |
Need for a stricter government |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q032_06 |
Need to suppress troublemakers to maintain order |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q033_01 |
Consider the priorities of all groups |
Numeric |
1 = Extremely opposed, 11 = Extremely favorable |
|
Q033_02 |
Not pushing for equality among all groups |
Numeric |
1 = Extremely opposed, 11 = Extremely favorable |
|
Q033_03 |
Equality between groups as an ideal |
Numeric |
1 = Extremely opposed, 11 = Extremely favorable |
|
Q033_04 |
Dominance of superior groups over inferior groups |
Numeric |
1 = Extremely opposed, 11 = Extremely favorable |
|
Q034_01 |
Preference for handling complex problems |
Numeric |
1 = Does not describe me at all, 5 = Describes me very well |
|
Q034_02 |
Preference for situations requiring a lot of thought |
Numeric |
1 = Does not describe me at all, 5 = Describes me very well |
|
Q034_03 |
Preference for tasks that require new solutions to problems |
Numeric |
1 = Does not describe me at all, 5 = Describes me very well |
|
Q035_01 |
Ability to understand important political issues |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q035_02 |
Perception of politicians' effort to stay in touch with people |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q035_03 |
Confidence in participating in political discussions |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q035_04 |
Perception that politicians care about the opinions of ordinary people |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q036_01 |
Perception of being a natural leader |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q036_02 |
Perception of being special due to others' comments |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q036_03 |
Experience of being compared to famous people |
Numeric |
1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree |
|
Q037 |
Interviewee ZES code |
Numeric |
Code from 1 to 60 |
|
Q038 |
Education level (degree vs no degree) |
Numeric |
1 = No degree, 2 = Degree |
|
weight |
Sample weighting variable |
String |
|
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