DEMOCRACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE: CHALLENGES FOR INDIA'S REPUBLIC

ABSTRACT

In the digital age, surveillance has emerged as a critical challenge to democratic ideals, particularly in India, the world’s largest democracy. This article examines the complex interplay between state surveillance and democratic resilience, drawing on Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony to contextualize the normalization of intrusive practices under the guise of national interest. It explores the erosion of privacy, suppression of free speech, and institutional accountability as significant threats posed by surveillance technologies. Case studies, such as the Aadhaar program and the Pegasus spyware scandal, underscore the risks of unregulated surveillance. The article further proposes actionable recommendations, including robust privacy legislation, independent oversight mechanisms, and public awareness initiatives, to balance security needs with democratic values. By fostering transparency and accountability, India can navigate the challenges of surveillance while safeguarding its democratic ethos. This research highlights the urgency of addressing surveillance practices to ensure that technological advancements serve, rather than undermine, the principles of democracy.

Keywords: Surveillance, Democracy, Privacy, India, Digital Governance.