The maximum likelihood distance tree of CVA16 VP1 gene.

The phylogenetic tree was constructed by including Guangdong CVA16 sequences (highlighted with dots) and all public available CVA16 sequences from 2018 to 2024 (not circled) to show the prevalence of CVA16 subgenotypes and their phylogenetic distances. Notable amino acid variations in the VP1 protein between the B1c subgenotype and B1a/B1b, are indicated on the B1c branch.