An Integrated Paradigm for Advanced Irrigation Systems Leveraging Internet of Things (IoT)

Abstract: As the demand for precision in agriculture and effective sustainable resource management increases, there has been a lot of pressure to have more accurate and efficient soil moisture data-transmission systems. This paper includes the discussion on how machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques can be improvise to further accuracy and performance in IoT-based smart irrigation systems. The system is based on the perception of soil moisture using IoT sensors collecting real-time environmental data in fields, such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and sunlight, to be transmitted to farmers or end-users using ThingSpeak and Thinger.io platforms for analysis, storage, and visualization. It enables real-time decisions and remote agricultural systems control using web page or mobile applications. The WSNs(Wireless sensor network) helps to automate irrigation and water management in agricultural sites. The developed SIS(Smart Irrigation Systems) is based on the sensor network that carries real-time information relating to moisture content in the soil, temperature, and humidity levels as very critical determinants of the proper irrigation schedule. These are analyzed every 15 minutes at the edge server. The system uses deep learning models to predict when the soil moisture falls below a threshold and automatically activates water pumps or sprinklers, which reduces human intervention and optimizes water usage in agriculture. An important part of research forms machine learning algorithms to improvise the performance. The recent advancements relies on several models, among them KNN (K-Nearest neighbors) and TimeGPT models [TimeGPT is a time-series forecasting model that utilizes the power of GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) architecture to predict future values in a sequence.], in the prediction of soil moisture while achieving optimal irrigation schedules from previous available data and weather forecasting. The comparative analyses included an accuracy rate of 97% to 98% in KNN thus describing the high level of accuracy that the system can attain regarding the soil conditions and water requirements. This research provides the possibility of embedding IoT into machine learning that may form a new age smart agriculture system that, apart from irrigation automation, enhances decision-making in farmer practices. Adoption of such systems could contribute immensely to the sustainability of such agricultural practices mainly due to reduced water wastage, decrease operation costs, and improved crop yield. Integrating real-time environmental data and predictive analytics farmlands can be optimized and maintained even the land has water scarcity or difficult to receive rainfall or other climatic conditions.