Global Biotic Interactions

There is a newer version of the record available.

Published January 9, 2025 | Version v5.0
Dataset Open

Global Bee Interaction Data

Creators

  • 1. University of California Santa Barbara
  • 2. ROR icon Ronin Institute
  • 3. ROR icon University of California, Santa Barbara

Description

Last modified: January 09, 2025

Introduction
This dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.

Data Description
Please see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.

Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format.

Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields

Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.

If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us!

 

Metrics

Date

Total bee records
07-17-2020 232,906
01-24-2021 257,738
11-17-2021 226,160
06-01-2022 286,818
11-07-2022 429,308
01-18-2024 842,819
07-03-2024 1,109,057
01-09-2025 1,223,768

 

Date Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae
07-17-2020 73,463 106,222 20,821 58,880
01-24-2021 77,824 120,919 21,376 63,945
11-17-2021 25,535 134,517 10,568 43,070
06-01-2022 78,016 144,827 20,409 64,054
11-07-2022 84,172 171,378 30,792 79,155
01-18-2024 166,473 334,224 63,847 171,931
07-03-2024

289,400

371,953

83,337

190,562
01-09-2025

204,565

686,195

70,724

241,856

 

Date Megachilidae Melittidae Stenotritidae
07-17-2020 44,449 2,511 23
01-24-2021 48,856 2,624 18
11-17-2021 37,001 995 9
06-01-2022 54,516 2,994 18
11-07-2022 61,391 2,396 24
01-18-2024 100,814 5,088 442
07-03-2024

162,587

4,964

 438
01-09-2025

126,113

5,928

 441

 

Included files

  • filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family
  • citation-count.sh - script for counting citations
  • counts.sh - script for counting number of records per family
  • family_counts.tsv - counts by family
  • unique_citations.tsv - list of references/sources providing bee interaction data and the number of interactions provided by each reference
  • globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Jan-09 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh].
  • interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on January 9, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org

 

Interaction Sources

count source
255946 USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT
203993
http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world.
113413
Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115
111712 University of Kansas Natural History Museum
95131 ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data
74835 Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN)
62736 Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University
28517 PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au.
27114
Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1
24564
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner.
23731
Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867
18739
A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining.
18003 Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit
15754
Schwarz, Benjamin et al. (2021). Data from: Temporal scale-dependence of plant-pollinator networks [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qz612jmbp
10211 Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns
8752 Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es .
7590
Nick Balfour, Maria Clara Castellanos, Chris Johnson, Dave Goulson, Andrew Philippides. 2023. The Database of Pollinator Interactions (DoPI). Accessed at https://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/ebe/dopi/ on 2023-12-01.
6367 Purdue Entomological Research Collection
6190
Redhead, J.W.; Coombes, C.F.; Dean, H.J.; Dyer, R.; Oliver, T.H.; Pocock, M.J.O.; Rorke, S.L.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Woodcock, B.A.; Pywell, R.F. (2018). Plant-pollinator interactions database for construction of potential networks. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/6d8d5cb5-bd54-4da7-903a-15bd4bbd531b
5629 https://mangal.io - the ecological interaction database.
5451 University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects
5316
Clint Otto, Russ Bryant, and Ned H. Euliss Jr., 2020, The U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DSS3VL
5297 Eardley C, Coetzer W. 2016. Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees.
4700 University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection
4684
National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05.
4557
Allen-Perkins, Alfonso, Magrach, Ainhoa, Dainese, Matteo, Garibaldi, Lucas A., Kleijn, David, Rader, Romina, Reilly, James R., et al. 2022. "CropPol: A Dynamic, Open and Global Database on Crop Pollination." Ecology 103(3): e3614. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3614
4502
Natural History Collections managed by Arctos (https://arctosdb.org) accessed via https://vertnet.org .
4243
Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf
3709 Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection
3630 Mycology Collections Data Portal (MyCoPortal). https://mycoportal.org
3590
Maiorano, L., Montemaggiori, A., Ficetola, G.F., O’Connor, L. & Thuiller, W. (2020), Data from: Tetra-EU 1.0: a species-level trophic meta-web of European tetrapods, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj7b
3552
Fricke, E.C., Svenning, J. Accelerating homogenization of the global plant–frugivore meta-network. Nature 585, 74–78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2640-y
3140 University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and other Arthropods UNHC-UNHC
3124
CaraDonna, P.J. 2020. Temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, 2013 - 2015 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/27dc02fe1655e3896f20326fed5cb95f (Accessed 2021-04-16).
3121
LaManna, JA, Burkle, LA, Belote, RT, Myers, JA. Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant–pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients. J Ecol. 2020; 00: 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13530 .
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2823 Robert L. Minckley San Bernardino Valley from the year 2000 to 2011.
2757
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2038
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1681
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1619
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1522
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1430
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1126
Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile
1091
Magrach, Ainhoa et al. (2017), Data from: Plant-pollinator networks in semi-natural grasslands are resistant to the loss of pollinators during blooming of mass-flowering crops, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0q1n
1057
Sarah E Miller. 4/18/2016. Species associations from Wardeh, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci. Data 2:150049 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.49 (2015)
1057
Wardeh, M., Risley, C., McIntyre, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci Data 2, 150049 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.49
1034
Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. 2020. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb1702
953 Sarah E Miller. 5/30/2016. Interations from various papers.
929 University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection
870
Del Risco, A.A., Montoya, Á.M., García, V. et al. Data synthesis and dynamic visualization converge into a comprehensive biotic interaction network: a case study of the urban and rural areas of Bogotá D.C.. Urban Ecosyst (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01133-3
855
The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016). International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/inygc6
847
Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767
794
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770 Florida State Collection of Arthropods
759 Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection
711 Texas A&M University Insect Collection
638
Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum.
634
Classen, Alice; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2020): Plant-pollinator interactions along an elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911390
616 A review of the status of web-based African Plant-Pollinator Interaction data.
609
Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. Ann Bot. 2019 Jan 23;123(2):311-325. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy127. PMID: 30099492; PMCID: PMC6344220.
590 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution IPT RSS Feed
558
Sarah E Miller. 6/22/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
544
Pardee, G.L., Ballare, K.M., Neff, J.L., Do, L.Q., Ojeda, D., Bienenstock, E.J., Brosi, B.J., Grubesic, T.H., Miller, J.A., Tong, D. and Jha, S., 2023. Local and Landscape Factors Influence Plant-Pollinator Networks and Bee Foraging Behavior across an Urban Corridor. Land, 12(2), p.362. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/362
493 RCPol: Online Pollen Catalogs Network. 2016. https://rcpol.org.br/
484
Hurlbert, A. H., Olsen, A. M., Sawyer, M. M., and Winner, P. M. 2021. Avian Diet Database. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5151056
450
Sarah E Miller. 6/25/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.
437 The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection
293
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290
Sarah E Miller. 06/10/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Chamberlin, W. J. The Buprestidae of North America, Exclusive of Mexico, a Catalogue including Synonomy, Bibliography, Distribution, Type Locality and Hosts of Each Species,. 1926.
282
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271 California Academy of Sciences Entomology and Entomology Type Collection
263
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262
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248 WorldFAIR pilot data from: VisitationData_Luisa_Carvalheiro.
248 http://invertebrates.si.edu/parasites.htm
245
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201 University of Hawaii Insect Museum
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181 Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum
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143 Allen Hurlbert. 2017. Avian Diet Database.
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129 Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal
128
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124 Field Museum of Natural History IPT
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119
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118 WIRC / University of Wisconsin Madison WIS-IH / Wisconsin Insect Research Collection
100
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92
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92 San Diego Natural History Museum
79
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66 US National Museum of Natural History Ixodes Records
57
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53
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45
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43 Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah
40
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38 http://gomexsi.tamucc.edu
37
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36
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36 University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection
34 Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection
34
Sarah E Miller. 6/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
32
Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3
29
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26
Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75.
25 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology
23
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23
Sherman, Aja C.; Geiselman, Cullen; Simons, Nancy B.; Upham, Nathan S.; Poelen, Jorrit H.; Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Bertolino, Sandro; Groom, Quentin; Phelps, Kendra; Agosti, Donat; Willoughby, Anna R. In Preparation. Bat-Co-Roosting Database develop by the Biodiversity-related knowledge hub on COVID-19.
23
Udy, Kristy; Reininghaus, Hannah; Scherber, Christoph; Tscharntke, Teja (2020), Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906s
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IPBES. (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Table 2.4.3 p88 Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402857
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Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128
18
Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature.
17 Species Connect. https://speciesconnect.com
14
Fabricia Sousa Paz, Carlos Eduardo Pinto, Rafael Melo de Brito, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, Tereza Cristina Giannini, Edible Fruit Plant Species in the Amazon Forest Rely Mostly on Bees and Beetles as Pollinators, Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 114, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 710–722, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa284
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Raymond, B., Marshall, M., Nevitt, G., Gillies, C., van den Hoff, J., Stark, J.S., Losekoot, M., Woehler, E.J., and Constable, A.J. (2011) A Southern Ocean dietary database. Ecology 92(5):1188. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-1907.1 . Data set supplied by Ben Raymond.
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Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. (2023). SCAR Southern Ocean Diet and Energetics Database (2023-04-04) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7796465 hash://md5/e41e29d8fb3c2d731f292ec08798cf6b hash://md5/05abf23c0b9e5f4bc721ff407455af0a hash://sha256/7a344b858ab8d1daeca1da49843e8bf957f1116ff9e10a29176ab5c02cb49bef
13
Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org
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Gaden S. Robinson; Phillip R. Ackery; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Luis M. Hernández (2023). HOSTS (from HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants) [Data set resource]. Natural History Museum. https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts/resource/877f387a-36a3-486c-a0c1-b8d5fb69f85a via Natural History Museum (2023). Data Portal query on 1 resources created at 2023-05-24 11:19:42.032183 PID https://doi.org/10.5519/qd.bsucrxdz
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Gandhi, K. J. K., & Herms, D. A. (2009). North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1839–1846. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9594-1.
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9 Consortium of Small Vertebrate Collections
9
Urban M, Cuzick A, Rutherford K, Irvine A, Pedro H, Pant R, Sadanadan V, Khamari L, Billal S, Mohanty S, Hammond-Kosack KE. PHI-base: a new interface and further additions for the multi-species pathogen-host interactions database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D604-D610. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw1089. Epub 2016 Dec 3. PMID:27915230
8 Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection.
5
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4
Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu
4
Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978.
4
Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856.
4
Semantic Prototypes in Research Ecoinformatics (SPIRE). Data provided by Joel Sachs. See also http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/get/a/publication/297.pdf .
4 University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium
3
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3
Gippet, J.M.W., Bates, O.K., Moulin, J. et al. The global risk of infectious disease emergence from giant land snail invasion and pet trade. Parasites Vectors 16, 363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06000-y
3
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3 Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica de Ecuador - MAATE.
3
Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html.
3 Sarah E Miller. 9/3/2015. Species associations manually extracted from JSTOR.
3
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2 Carnegie Invertebrate Zoology Collection
2
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2
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2
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2 Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Bat interation data manually extracted from literature.
2
Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986.  The Butterflies of North America.  Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
2
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2 Thessen AE. 2017. Biotic Interactions in Greenland. GloBI. 10.5281/zenodo.266824
1
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1
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1
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1 HiveTracks WorldFAIR Test Data.
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1
Sarah E Miller. 3/4/2015. Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo.
1 Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
1
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1
Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 1re partie, Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae et Uropyxidaceae. Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 2ème partie, Pucciniaceae (sauf Puccinia)(suite 2). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2012). CATALOGUE DES UREDINALES DE Belgique 3ème partie Pucciniaceae (genre Puccinia). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.
1 Zeke Marshall. 2021. Species interactions manually extracted from literature.
   

References

Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005

Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037

Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please

Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.

Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850 

Notes

Please cite the resources, natural history collections and publications where the data originated as found in uniq_citations.tsv file above. Also, please cite Poelen et. al (above in References) to cite Global Biotic Interactions.

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References

  • Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005
  • Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037