Fahreddîn er-Râzî'nin Halku'l-Kur'ân Risâlesinin Kelâmullâh Tartışması Bağlamında İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi

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Abstract (English)

The issue of kalāmullāh has been one of the most fundamental issues that has occupied the agenda of Muslim researchers since the beginning of the second century of the Hijra, and it is accepted that the discipline of Kalām was named based on this discussion. Although the kalāmullāh discussion initially emerged scientifically, it turned into a political and policy-based discussion with the Mihna process, scholars were negatively affected by this process, and over time this process, which was initiated with the state, was terminated by the political authority itself. However, the reflection of this discussion has continued its liveliness throughout history. The most key point of the kalāmullāh discussion is about how to define the concept of “kalām”. Since kalām was initially used for expressions and words that constitute a meaningful proposition, the discussion developed in this context. However, since the attribution of sounds and letters to God would cause serious theological discussions, the Mu’tazila evaluated kalām not as an attribute but as an act created by Allah in the body. For this reason, they argued that the word of Allah (kalāmullāh) is not eternal but created and hādith. In the camp directly opposite this idea, there were some scholars of hadith such as Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Although they accepted the word of Allah as composed of sounds and letters, they could not substantiate the issue with rational arguments. Some scholars, such as Ibn Kullāb, with a synthesizing approach, divided kalām into two parts: the meaning (nafsī) and the wording ((lafẓī); they considered the spiritual as an attribute of God and regarded it as eternal, while the literal was considered as hādith like the Mu’tazila. Since Ashʻari and Maturīdī considered this approach more rational and reasonable, they developed the same idea and ultimately focused on both claiming that Allah has an attribute called speech and responding to the objections expressed by the Mu'tazila. Razi, who belongs to the Ashʻarī school, also examined the discussion of theology in the context of the Ashʻari and Mu'tazila schools in his work entitled Khalq al-Qurʾān, which is the subject of our research.

Keywords: Kalām, Ashʻarī, Mu’tazila, Kalāmullāh, Khalq al-Qur'ān, al-Rāzī.