D2.1 Mapping of non-technical aspects and stakeholder needs

The development of Hubs and Clusters for Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) involves complex non-technical challenges and issues pertaining to the involvement of many different sectors, various actor-types and complex regulatory, and legal conditions as well as the need for coherent monitoring, reporting and verification and development of robust business cases for CCUS value chains. Such complexity pervades both the technical and engineering realm as well as a broad range of non-technical issues. This document does three things: 1. It offers a mapping of non-technical issues that may need to be considered and addressed throughout the development of CCUS value chains. These include current and potential future challenges that may arise or already have emerged during development of CCUS value chains. Such issues are identified through social, political, economic, and legal dimensions. Issues can arise for local, regional, and cross-border activities. 2. The document serves as a document repository that links to key literatures and documents for more detailed examination of the issues identified. It does so in a systematic manner by presenting issues in a systematized manner in issue profiles which ought to help
the user navigate the challenges and – while doing so – gain an overview of the challenges and their interconnections. 3. The document points to opportunities and steps to resolve such challenges – for private sector actors, industries or sector representatives as well as for national government. This document has been developed by the WP2 sub-task leading project partners and benefited from inputs received from networking partners through a survey, individual conversations, online workshops and in-person discussion at CCUS ZEN meetings. As such, it seeks to integrate analytical work with the practical observations and demands of CCUS practitioners. In carbon emissions mitigation, two concepts are vital: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) - capturing CO2 from industries and storing it underground, and Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) - converting CO2 into valuable products. To eliminate confusion between these distinct concepts, this document uses the term CCS when specifically referring to carbon capture and storage. Similarly, CCU is employed to indicate exclusive interest in the utilisation aspect, where CO2 is converted into valuable products. Moreover, the term CCUS is utilized when discussing both CCS and CCU together.