PCOS and Women's Health: An Integrated Review of Gynecology, Endocrinology, and Mental Health

The complex endocrine and metabolic disorder known as PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) is frequently characterized by infertility, polycystic ovaries, obesity, insulin resistance, and anovulation. Obesity, gut dysbiosis, genetics, environmental contaminants, lifestyle or nutrition, and neuroendocrine changes are some of the risk factors that make women more likely to develop PCOS. PCOS is a most common endocrine and metabolic condition that affects between 6–20% of women who are of reproductive age. Early puberty is when the majority of PCOS symptoms appear. Because PCOS manifests as a variety of symptoms, it is regarded as a heterogeneous illness. The development of numerous little antral follicles and an irregular menstrual cycle are the results of the ongoing hormonal imbalance, which finally results in infertility in females. The last three characteristics—hyperandrogenism, oligo- or an-ovulation, and polycystic ovaries are included in the most widely recognized diagnostic criteria, the Rotterdam criteria.  Prebiotics and probiotics or a gastrointestinal microbiota transplant (FMT) to restore gut microbiota may be a novel, effective, and noninvasive strategy to prevent and lessen PCOS. Predisposing risk factors for PCOS development include genetics, neuroendocrine, lifestyle/environment, and obesity. Insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and hormonal dysfunction are the main pathophysiological factors of PCOS. These factors reduce folliculogenesis and raise the risk of associated comorbidities such as type II diabetes and endometrial cancer. This study summarizes the pathophysiology and risk management of drugs that impact PCOS clinical symptoms, anovulation, and infertility.