Temporomandibular disorders and headache: a systematic review of the evidence and clinical implications

Introduction

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a spectrum of musculoskeletal conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and surrounding tissues. These disorders are characterized by symptoms such as pain, dysfunction, and restricted movement of the jaw, which can significantly impair a patient's quality of life. TMD is highly prevalent, with estimates suggesting that 5-12% of the general population is affected at any given time. As a leading cause of orofacial pain, TMD is a major concern in both clinical practice and research.

One of the most significant associations observed in patients with TMD is the high prevalence of headaches. Research indicates that up to 70% of individuals with TMD also experience recurrent or persistent headaches, underscoring the close relationship between these conditions. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that link TMD and headaches, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches available, is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide effective and comprehensive management of these complex conditions.