Amlodipine: A Comprehensive Review

Amlodipine is a widely prescribed calcium channel blocker (CCB) that has been in use for over three decades in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the pharmacological properties, clinical applications, safety profile, and potential future developments related to amlodipine.
Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine-class CCB that selectively blocks the L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced peripheral vascular resistance. It has a long half-life and gradual onset of action, making it suitable for once-daily dosing. Amlodipine has proven effective in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and certain forms of heart failure. 
The review discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine, highlighting its favorable properties such as high oral bioavailability, limited first-pass metabolism, and consistent plasma concentrations. The clinical efficacy of amlodipine is examined across various cardiovascular conditions, including its role in blood pressure lowering, myocardial ischemia management, and heart failure therapy. 
The safety profile of amlodipine is also extensively reviewed, with a focus on its tolerability, adverse event profile, and potential drug interactions. Additionally, the review explores emerging research on the potential pleiotropic effects of amlodipine, such as its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
In conclusion, amlodipine remains a widely utilized and well-studied CCB with a robust efficacy and safety profile. As research continues, new applications and formulations of amlodipine may further enhance its clinical utility in the management of cardiovascular diseases.