Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published April 30, 2022 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population

Creators

  • 1. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic & Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceskˇ´e Budˇejovice, Czech Republic & Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
  • 2. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 3. Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 4. Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Musanze, Rwanda
  • 5. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic & Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 6. Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
  • 7. Here + There Mapping Solutions, Berlin, Germany
  • 8. Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
  • 9. Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
  • 10. Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceskˇ´e Budˇejovice, Czech Republic & Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic & Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic & Department of Veterinary Sciences/CINeZ, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
  • 11. Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA & School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
  • 12. Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
  • 13. Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Kinshasa, Congo
  • 14. Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Parc National de Kahuzi Biega, Bukavu, Congo
  • 15. International Gorilla Conservation Programme, Kigali, Rwanda

Description

Petr, K.J., zelkova, Sama, P., s, Romportl, D., Uwamahoro, C., Cervena, B., Paf, B., co, Prokopova, T., Cameira, R., Granjon, A.C., Shapiro, A., Bahizi, M., Nziza, J., Noheri, J.B., Syaluha, E.K., Eckardt, W., Ndagijimana, F., J., Slapeta, Modrý, D., Gilardi, K., Muvunyi, R., Uwingeli, P., Mudakikwa, A., Mapilanga, J., Kalonji, A., Hickey, J.R., Cranfield, M. (2022): Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 17: 174-184, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.01.007, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.01.007

Files

source.pdf

Files (5.2 MB)

Name Size Download all
md5:7cbbe6dda116e33a6bafdc51afc9e13c
5.2 MB Preview Download

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFBBFFDDA116E33AFFAFDC51FFC9E13C

Related works

Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13287935 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13287937 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13287939 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13287941 (DOI)

References

  • Advani, N.K., 2014. WWF Wildlife and Climate Change Series: Mountain gorilla. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC.
  • Anderson, R.M., May, R.M., 1979. Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I. Nature 280, 361-367.
  • Arneberg, P., Skorping, A., Grenfell, B., Read, A.F., 1998. Host densities as determinants of abundance in parasite communities. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 265, 1283-1289.
  • Ashford, R.W., Lawson, H., Butynski, T.M., Reid, G.D.F., 1996. Patterns of intestinal parasitism in the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla in the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. J. Zool. 239, 507-514.
  • Barton, K., 2020. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R Package version 1.43.17. https:// CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn.
  • Bordes, F., Morand, S., Kelt, D.A., Van Vuren, D.H., 2009. Home range and parasite diversity in mammals. Am. Nat. 173, 467-474.
  • Brooks, M.E., Kristensen, K., Van Benthem, K.J., Magnusson, A., Berg, C.W., Nielsen, A., Skaug, H.J., Machler, M., Bolker, B.M., 2017. glmmTMB balances speed and
  • Burgunder, J., Pafˇco, B., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Modry, D., Hashimoto, C., MacIntosh, A.J.J., 2017. Complexity in behavioural organization and strongylid infection among wild chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 129, 257-268.
  • Caillaud, D., Eckardt, W., Vecellio, V., Ndagijimana, F., Mucyo, J.-P., Hirwa, J.-P., Stoinski, T., 2020. Violent encounters between social units hinder the growth of a high-density mountain gorilla population. Sci. Adv. 6, eaba0724.
  • Caillaud, D., Ndagijimana, F., Giarrusso, A.J., Vecellio, V., Stoinski, T.S., 2014. Mountain gorilla ranging patterns: influence of group size and group dynamics. Am. J. Primatol. 76, 730-746.
  • Callinan, A.P.L., Westcott, J.M., 1986. Vertical distribution of trichostrongylid larvae on herbage and in soil. Int. J. Parasitol. 16, 241-244.
  • Chylinski, C., Lhermin´e, E., Coquille, M., Cabaret, J., 2014. Desiccation tolerance of gastrointestinal nematode third-stage larvae: exploring the effects on survival and fitness. Parasitol. Res. 113, 2789-2796.
  • Condy, J.B., 1974. Observations on internal parasites in Rhodesian elephant, Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797. Proc. Trans. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 55, 67-99.
  • Cousins, D., Huffman, M.A., 2002. Medicinal properties in the diet of gorillas: an ethnopharmacological evaluation. Afr. Stud. Monogr. 23, 65-89.
  • Denegri, G.M., 1993. Review of oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of tapeworms of the Anoplocephalidae. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17, 567-580.
  • Dobson, A.P., 1990. Models for multi-species parasite-host communities. In: Esch, G.W., Bush, A.O., Aho, J.M. (Eds.), Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 261-288.
  • Doleˇzalov´a, J., Pafˇco, B., Modry, D., Jirku- Pomajbikov´a, K., 2018. Parasite quantification. In: Modry, D., Pafˇco, B., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Hasegawa, H. (Eds.), Parasites of Apes: an Atlas of Coproscopic Diagnostics. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 34-38.
  • Doleˇzalov´a, J., Vallo, P., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Foitov´a, I., Nurcahyo, W., Mudakikwa, A., Hashimoto, C., Jirku, M., Lukes ˇ, J., Scholz, T., 2015. Molecular phylogeny of anoplocephalid tapeworms (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) infecting humans and non-human primates. Parasitology 142, 1278-1289.
  • Doran-Sheehy, D.M., Derby, A.M., Greer, D., Mongo, P., 2007. Habituation of western gorillas: the process and factors that influence it. Am. J. Primatol. 69, 1354-1369.
  • Eckardt, W., Stoinski, T.S., Rosenbaum, S., Santymire, R., 2019. Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Ecol. Evol. 9, 5248-5259.
  • Eckardt, W., Stoinski, T.S., Rosenbaum, S., Umuhoza, M.R., Santymire, R., 2016. Validating faecal glucocorticoid metabolite analysis in the Virunga mountain gorilla using a natural biological stressor. Conserv. Physiol. 4, cow029.
  • Freeland, W.J., 1976. Pathogens and the evolution of primate sociality. Biotropica 8, 12-24.
  • Ghai, R.R., Fugere, V., Chapman, C.A., Goldberg, T.L., Davies, T.J., 2015. Sickness behaviour associated with non-lethal infections in wild primates. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20151436.
  • Ghosh, T.C., 2020. Ecologic study of soil oribatid mite, Scheloribates rectus (Acari) in high altitude Botanical Garden of Darjeeling Himalayas, India. Biologia 75, 1289-1295.
  • Granjon, A.-C., Robbins, M.M., Arinaitwe, J., Cranfield, M.R., Eckardt, W., Mburanumwe, I., Musana, A., Robbins, A.M., Roy, J., Sollmann, R., Vigilant, L., Hickey, J.R., 2020. Estimating abundance and growth rates in a wild mountain gorilla population. Anim. Conserv. 23, 455-465.
  • Gray, M., Fawcett, K.A., Basabose, A., Cranfield, M., Vigilant, L., Roy, J., Uwingeli, P., Mburanumwe, I., Kagoda, E., Robbins, M., 2011. Virunga Massif Mountain Gorilla Census - 2010 Summary Report.
  • Gray, M., McNeilage, A., Fawcett, K., Robbins, M.M., Ssebide, B., Mbula, D., Uwingeli, P., 2010. Censusing the mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: complete sweep method versus monitoring. Afr. J. Ecol. 48, 588-599.
  • Gray, M., McNeilage, A., Fawcett, K., Robbins, M.M., Ssebide, B., Mbula, D., Uwingeli, P., 2005. Virunga Volcanoes Range and Census, 2003. Joint Organizers Report. UWA, ORTPN, ICCN.
  • Gray, M., Roy, J., Vigilant, L., Fawcett, K., Basabose, A., Cranfield, M., Uwingeli, P., Mburanumwe, I., Kagoda, E., Robbins, M.M., 2013. Genetic census reveals increased but uneven growth of a critically endangered mountain gorilla population. Biol. Conserv. 158, 230-238.
  • Grueter, C.C., Ndamiyabo, F., Plumptre, A.J., Abavandimwe, D., Mundry, R., Fawcett, K. A., Robbins, M.M., 2013. Long-term temporal and spatial dynamics of food availability for endangered mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Am. J. Primatol. 75, 267-280.
  • Stoinski, T.S., Robbins, M.M., 2018. Quadratic relationships between group size and foraging efficiency in a herbivorous primate. Sci. Rep. 8, 16718.
  • Harcourt, A.H., Groom, A.F.G., 1972. Gorilla census. Oryx 11, 355-363.
  • Harcourt, A.H., Parks, S.A., Woodroffe, R., 2001. Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodivers. Conserv. 10, 1011-1026.
  • Hartig, F., 2020. DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level/Mixed) Regression Models (2017). R Package Version 01 5.
  • Hickey, J.R., Granjon, A.-C., Vigilant, L., 2019. Virunga 2015-2016 surveys: monitoring mountain gorillas, other select mammals, and illegal activities. https://igcp.org/con tent/uploads/2020/09/Bwindi-Sarambwe-2018-Final-Report-2019_12_16.pdf.
  • Higham, J.E.S., Shelton, E.J., 2011. Tourism and wildlife habituation: reduced population fitness or cessation of impact? Tourism Manag. 32, 1290-1298.
  • Hofer, H., East, M.L., 1998. Biological conservation and stress. In: Moller, A.P., Milinski, M., Slater, P.J.B. (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 27. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 405-525.
  • Hoste, H., Torres-Acosta, J.F., Paolini, V., Aguilar-Caballero, A., Etter, E., Lefrileux, Y., Chartier, C., Broqua, C., 2005. Interactions between nutrition and gastrointestinal infections with parasitic nematodes in goats. Small Rumin. Res. 60, 141-151.
  • Huffman, M.A., Gotoh, S., Turner, L.A., Hamai, M., Yoshida, K., 1997. Seasonal trends in intestinal nematode infection and medicinal plant use among chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates 38, 111-125.
  • Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Rothman, J.M., Fox, M.T., 2005. Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primates 46, 59-63.
  • Lola, N., Mugiri, G., 2003. Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades. Oryx 37, 326-337.
  • Kayiranga, A., Ndayisaba, F., Nahayo, L., Karamage, F., Nsengiyumva, J.B., Mupenzi, C., Nyesheja, E.M., 2017. Analysis of climate and topography impacts on the spatial distribution of vegetation in the Virunga Volcanoes Massif of East-Central Africa. Geosciences 7, 17.
  • Knapp-Lawitzke, F., von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G., Demeler, J., 2016. Elevated temperatures and long drought periods have a negative impact on survival and fitness of strongylid third stage larvae. Int. J. Parasitol. 46, 229-237.
  • Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C.L., Jones, K.E., Cunningham, A.A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J.L., 2007. Parasite species richness in carnivores: effects of host body mass, latitude, geographical range and population density. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 16, 496-509.
  • MacIntosh, A.J.J., Hernandez, A.D., Huffman, M.A., 2010. Host age, sex, and reproductive seasonality affect nematode parasitism in wild Japanese macaques. Primates 51, 353-364.
  • Marian, F., Sandmann, D., Krashevska, V., Maraun, M., Scheu, S., 2018. Altitude and decomposition stage rather than litter origin structure soil microarthropod communities in tropical montane rainforests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 125, 263-274.
  • Marley, C.L., Cook, R., Barrett, J., Keatinge, R., Lampkin, N.H., 2006. The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration. Vet. Parasitol. 138, 280-290.
  • May, R.M., Anderson, R.M., 1978. Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions: II. Destabilizing Processes. J. Anim. Ecol. 47, 249-267.
  • McNeilage, A., 2001. Diet and habitat use of two mountain gorilla groups in contrasting habitats in the Virunga. In: Robbins, M.M., Sicotte, P., Stewart, K.J. (Eds.), Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research at Karisoke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 265-292.
  • McNeilage, A.J., 1995. Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: Ecology and Carrying Capacity. PhD Thesis. University of Bristol.
  • Muhangi, D., Gardiner, C.H., Ojok, L., Cranfield, M.R., Gilardi, K.V., Mudakikwa, A.B., Lowenstine, L.J., 2021. Pathological lesions of the digestive tract in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Am. J. Primatol., e23290
  • Nielsen, M.K., Kaplan, R.M., Thamsborg, S.M., Monrad, J., Olsen, S.N., 2007. Climatic influences on development and survival of free-living stages of equine strongyles: implications for worm control strategies and managing anthelmintic resistance. Vet. J. 174, 23-32.
  • Nunn, C.L., Altizer, S., Jones, K.E., Sechrest, W., 2003. Comparative tests of parasite species richness in primates. Am. Nat. 162, 597-614.
  • O' Connor, L.J., Walkden-Brown, S.W., Kahn, L.P., 2006. Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep. Vet. Parasitol. 142, 1-15.
  • Owiunji, I., Nkuutu, D., Kujirakwinja, D., Liengola, I., Plumptre, A., Nsanzurwimo, A., Fawcett, K., Gray, M., McNeilage, A., 2005. The Biodiversity of the Virunga Volcanoes. Wildlife Conservation Society Report.
  • Pafˇco, B., Benavides, J.A., Pˇsenkov´a-Profousov´a, I., Modry, D., Cerven ˇa ´, B., Shutt, K.A., Hasegawa, H., Fuh, T., Todd, A.F., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., 2017. Do habituation, host traits and seasonality have an impact on protist and helminth infections of wild western lowland gorillas? Parasitol. Res. 116, 3401-3410.
  • Pafˇco, B., Ci ˇˇzkov´a, D., Kreisinger, J., Hasegawa, H., Vallo, P., Shutt, K., Todd, A., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Modry, D., 2018. Metabarcoding analysis of strongylid nematode diversity in two sympatric primate species. Sci. Rep. 8, 5933.
  • Todd, A., Fuh, T., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Modry, D., 2019. Genetic diversity of primate strongylid nematodes: do sympatric nonhuman primates and humans share their strongylid worms? Mol. Ecol. 28, 4786-4797.
  • Pandey, V.S., 1972. Effect of temperature on survival of the free-living stages of Ostertagia ostertagi. J. Parasitol. 58, 1042-1046.
  • Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Uwamahoro, C., Pafˇco, B., Cerven ˇ´a, B., Samaˇs, P., Mudakikwa, A., Muvunyi, R., Uwingeli, P., Gilardi, K., Nziza, J., 2021. Heterogeneity in patterns of helminth infections across populations of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Sci. Rep. 11, 1-14.
  • Plumptre, A., 1991. Plant-herbivore Dynamics in the Birungas. PhD Thesis. University of Bristol.
  • Ripple, W.J., Newsome, T.M., Wolf, C., Dirzo, R., Everatt, K.T., Galetti, M., Hayward, M. W., Kerley, G.I., Levi, T., Lindsey, P.A., 2015. Collapse of the world' s largest herbivores. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400103.
  • Robbins, M.M., Gray, M., Fawcett, K.A., Nutter, F.B., Uwingeli, P., Mburanumwe, I., Kagoda, E., Basabose, A., Stoinski, T.S., Cranfield, M.R., Byamukama, J., Spelman, L. H., Robbins, A.M., 2011. Extreme conservation leads to recovery of the Virunga mountain gorillas. PLoS One 6, e19788.
  • Rossanigo, C.E., Gruner, L., 1996. The length of strongylid nematode infective larvae as a reflection of developmental conditions in faeces and consequences on their viability. Parasitol. Res. 82, 304-311.
  • Rothman, J., Bowman, D.D., 2003. A review of the endoparasites of mountain gorillas. In: Bowman, D.D. (Ed.), Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology. International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca, NY.
  • Rothman, J.M., Pell, A.N., Bowman, D.D., 2008. Host-parasite ecology of the helminths in mountain gorillas. J. Parasitol. 94, 834-840.
  • Ryan, S.J., Walsh, P.D., 2011. Consequences of non-intervention for infectious disease in African great apes. PLoS One 6, e29030.
  • S´anchez-Galindo, L.M., Sandmann, D., Marian, F., Krashevska, V., Maraun, M., Scheu, S., 2021. Leaf litter identity rather than diversity shapes microbial functions and microarthropod abundance in tropical montane rainforests. Ecol. Evol. 11, 2360-2374.
  • Shutt, K., Heistermann, M., Kasim, A., Todd, A., Kalousov´a, B., Profousouv´a, I., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Fuh, T., Dicky, J.-F., Bopalanzognako, J.-B., Setchell, J.M., 2014. Effects of habituation, research and ecotourism on faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in wild western lowland gorillas: implications for conservation management. Biol. Conserv. 172, 72-79.
  • Shutt-Phillips, K., Pafˇco, B., Heistermann, M., Kasim, A., Petrˇzelkov´a, K.J., Profousov´a- Pˇsenkov´a, I., Modry, D., Todd, A., Fuh, T., Dicky, J.-F., 2021. Fecal glucocorticoids and gastrointestinal parasite infections in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) involved in ecotourism. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 312, 113859.
  • Sleeman, J.M., Meader, L.L., Mudakikwa, A.B., Foster, J.W., Patton, S., 2000. Gastrointestinal parasites of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 31, 322-328.
  • Stewart, K.J., Sicotte, P., Robbins, M.M., 2001. Mountain gorillas of the Virungas: a short history. In: Robbins, M.M., Sicotte, P., Stewart, K.J. (Eds.), Mountain Gorillas: Three Decades of Research in Karisoke. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 2-26.
  • Stromberg, B.E., Gasbarre, L.C., Waite, A., Bechtol, D.T., Brown, M.S., Robinson, N.A., Olson, E.J., Newcomb, H., 2012. Cooperia punctata: effect on cattle productivity? Vet. Parasitol. 183, 284-291.
  • Thorne, J.H., Seo, C., Basabose, A., Gray, M., Belfiore, N.M., Hijmans, R.J., 2013. Alternative biological assumptions strongly influence models of climate change effects on mountain gorillas. Ecosphere 4, 1-17.
  • Tompkins, D.M., Dobson, A.P., Arneberg, P., Begon, M.E., Cattadori, I.M., Greenman, J. V., Heesterbeek, J.A.P., Hudson, P.J., Newborn, D., Pugliese, A., 2001. Parasites and host population dynamics. In: Hudson, P.J., Rizzoli, A., Grenfell, B.T., Heesterbeek, H., Dobson, A. (Eds.), The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 45-62.
  • van Dijk, J., de Louw, M.D.E., Kalis, L.P.A., Morgan, E.R., 2009. Ultraviolet light increases mortality of nematode larvae and can explain patterns of larval availability at pasture. Int. J. Parasitol. 39, 1151-1156.
  • van Dijk, J., Morgan, E.R., 2008. The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae. Parasitology 135, 269-283.
  • van Dijk, J., Sargison, N.D., Kenyon, F., Skuce, P.J., 2010. Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Anim. Int. J. Anim. Biosci. 4, 377-392.
  • Villagomez, F., Palacios-Vargas, J.G., Castano-Meneses t, G., Castellanos-Vargas, I., 2019. Effect of tree identity, temporal variation and edaphic parameters on the structure of the edaphic community of oribatid mites in an evergreen tropical forest of Mexico. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 17, 14621-14639.
  • Waterman, P.G., Choo, G.M., Vedder, A.L., Watts, D., 1983. Digestibility, digestioninhibitors and nutrients of herbaceous foliage and green stems from an African montane flora and comparison with other tropical flora. Oecologia 60, 244-249.
  • Watts, D.P., 1983. Foraging Strategy and Socioecology of Mountain gorillas (Pan gorilla Beringei). PhD Thesis. University of Chicago.
  • Weber, A.W., Vedder, A., 1983. Population dynamics of the Virunga gorillas: 1959-1978. Biol. Conserv. 26, 341-366.
  • Woodford, M.H., Butynski, T.M., Karesh, W.B., 2002. Habituating the great apes: the disease risks. Oryx 36, 153-160.
  • Young, R.R., Anderson, N., Overend, D., Tweedie, R.L., Malafant, K.W.J., Preston, G.N., 1980. The effect of temperature on times to hatching of eggs of the nematode Ostertagia circumcincta. Parasitology 81, 477-491.

This site uses cookies. Find out more on how we use cookies