Fig. 4 in Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions

Fig. 4. FIV has strong direct and indirect effects on overall health. The final path model (a) shows only statistically significant relationships between manifest variables (rectangles) and latent variables (circles) for FIV infection, immune response (IMM), coinfections with hemoparasites (Hemoparasites), co-infections with gastrointestinal parasites (Helminths), and morbidity (Morbidity). Note that the parameter βx,z between each variable of interest represents the path coefficient obtained from least squares regression examining the relationship between one latent variable and the next (for example, FIV to IMM). Blue arrows represent positive relationships, whereas red arrows denote negative relationships. Final sample size was 106 lions.