Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has led to a new age of innovation and transformation in many fields, including education. AI technologies offer new tools and applications that have the potential to transform traditional teaching and learning methods. AI has a wide variety of potential uses in education, including improving productivity, learning outcomes, personalized instruction, instant feedback, and student engagement.

Intelligent tutoring systems, automated rating systems, and tailored learning platforms are just a few of the educational applications where AI is already being applied. These programs have a lot of potential for enhancing students’ academic performance and empowering teachers to give students more individualized instruction. For instance, by offering personalized feedback and assistance, intelligent tutoring systems may adapt lessons to students' needs. Teachers may focus on more important activities like lesson planning and student support by using automated grading systems, which can save them a substantial amount of time. By offering learning experiences catered to each student’s unique requirements and interests, personalized learning platforms can raise students’ engagement and motivation. Despite all its benefits, using AI in education also raises significant ethical and practical issues. These issues include the possibility that it might increase the already-existing inequalities in the educational system and inherent nature of AI algorithms that is prone to bias. Additionally, enabling teachers to successfully incorporate AI into their teaching practices needs relevant training and support.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has attained a ubiquitous presence in daily life. A vast array of examples illustrate how AI has permeated into various aspects of human lives, including accessing information over the Web, consuming news and entertainment, surveillance systems identifying individuals, financial market performance, citizens receiving welfare payments, and how drivers and pedestrians navigate (Williamson & Eynon, 2020). As AI advances, the possibilities that were once only speculative may soon become tangible. It has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of society, spanning from the business sector, healthcare, to education (Alawi, 2023), but what exactly is it? Artificial Intelligence coined by John McCarthy in 1955 refers to making a machine behave in ways that would be described as intelligent if a human was so behaving (McCarthy et al., 1955). Kurzweil (1990) also characterizes AI as the art of developing machines that can perform tasks that typically necessitate human intelligence. Although these early definitions of AI date back many decades, they present a useful starting point for defining it: whether AI is genuinely intelligent, if not what is the difference? Indeed, AI is not inherently intelligent but rather has the capacity to perform tasks that are generally considered intelligent with a certain degree of success (Chiu et al., 2022; Mertala et al., 2022)

What is AI?

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines finds solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion.”

Artificial Intelligence generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way.

Importance of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as:

·         Gaming

AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

·         Natural Language Processing

It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.

·         Expert Systems

There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

·         Vision Systems

These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer.

For example, A flying aeroplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.

A Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.

Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.

·         Speech Recognition

Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

·         Handwriting Recognition

The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

·         Intelligent Robots

Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

Applications of AI

Tools of AI                              

ChatGPT

ChatGPT Launched by Open AI (San Francisco, CA) in November 2022, ChatGPT describes itself as powerful machine learning software that uses the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) algorithm to generate human-like responses to text-based inputs”. ChatGPT was trained on a vast corpus of data, including articles, websites, books, and written conversations. However, through a process of fine-tuning that includes dialogue optimization, ChatGPT is capable of responding to

prompts in a conversational manner (Health, 2023). Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) are a class of advanced language models that employ deep learning to enhance their output. These models are trained on extensive datasets. Through the identification of patterns and regularities in the data, GPTs generate appropriate phrases and words or produce relevant images in response to a user’s queries (Rospigliosi, 2023). A wide range of tasks can be accomplished by ChatGPT, including language translation, text summarization, question answering, creative writing (such as poetry or fiction), generation of high-quality long or short form content (such as blog posts), responding to prompts in conversation, explaining complex subjects, concepts, or themes, and fixing errors in existing code or generating new codes (Eke, 2023). The innate abilities of ChatGPT have been showcased in studies that indicate its success in passing a Law School examination (Choi et al., 2023) and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) examination (Terwiesch, 2023).

Chatbots

One of the commonly utilized AI technologies for supporting teaching and learning activities is the Chatbot system (Okonkwo & Ade-Ibijola, 2020). A Chatbot is an intelligent agent that is capable of interacting with a user by answering a series of questions and providing an appropriate response (Clarizia et al., 2018). A Chatbot, as a dialogue system, should be able to understand the content of the dialogue and identify the users’ social and emotional needs during the conversation. It emulates and interprets human communication, allowing individuals to engage with digital devices as though they were conversing with an actual human being (Ciechanowski, 2019). Additionally, the performance of a chatbot depends on the size and accuracy of its databases, meaning that greater database size leads to better performance (Aleedy et al., 2022).

Early work in AI

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behaviour – understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems, and so on.”

Artificial Intelligence has identifiable roots in a number of older disciplines, particularly:

·         Philosophy

·          Logic/Mathematics

·          Computation

·          Psychology/Cognitive Science

·          Biology/Neuroscience

·         Evolution

·         There is inevitably much overlap, e.g. between philosophy and logic, or between Mathematics and computation. By looking at each of these in turn, we can gain a better understanding of their role in AI, and how these underlying disciplines have developed to play that role.

·          Philosophy

Benefits of AI:

1.   Personalized Learning: AI-powered systems can analyze individual students' learning styles, abilities, and needs, providing tailored learning experiences.

2.   Intelligent Tutoring Systems: AI-based virtual tutors offer one-on-one support, real-time feedback, and adaptive assessments.

3.   Enhanced Accessibility: AI-powered tools facilitate learning for students with disabilities, such as language translation and text-to-speech systems.

4.   Efficient Assessment: AI automates grading, freeing teachers to focus on instruction and mentorship.

5.   Data-Driven Insights: AI analyzes vast amounts of data to identify learning patterns, predicting student outcomes and informing teacher decision-making.

Challenges:

1. Ethical Concerns: AI raises concerns about bias, privacy, and potential job displacement.

2. Teacher Training: Educators need professional development to effectively integrate AI in their teaching practices.

3. Infrastructure: Schools require adequate infrastructure and resources to support AI implementation.

4. Curriculum Redesign: AI demands a shift in curriculum focus, emphasizing skills like critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving.

5. Equity and Access: AI-powered education may exacerbate existing disparities in access to technology and quality education

Future Directions:

1. Human-AI Collaboration: AI will augment teacher capabilities, rather than replace them.

2. AI-Driven Project-Based Learning: Students will work on interdisciplinary projects, developing essential skills for the future workforce.

3. Virtual Learning Environments: AI-powered simulations and virtual reality will create immersive learning experiences.

Conclusion

There are several advantages to using AI in education, as well as certain difficulties. AI may improve learning outcomes, productivity, and student engagement by opening up new avenues for individualized education, feedback, and assistance. Nonetheless, it is impossible to disregard the ethical and practical issues surrounding the application of AI in education. Important concerns to solve include the possibility of bias in AI algorithms and the requirement for sufficient teacher preparation and support. Particularly, the potential for personalized learning, language instruction, and feedback applications in education is demonstrated by the usage of chatbots and ChatGPT. Recent literature has made significant advances in the understanding and practical application of AI-integrated learning and teaching environments. These contexts enable the utilization of AIEd technologies as trainers, facilitators, collaborators, or tools in a range of settings and roles. Nevertheless, these scenarios have become more comprehensive; prompting the question of to what extent ChatGPT can revolutionize education, thereby necessitating further inquiry and exploration.