Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of all major Mesozoic mammal lineages. Alternative topology from constrained searches for allotherians. Search constrained to retain the trees compatible with an allotherian clade (Haramiyavia + multituberculates) outside mammalian crown group. By nonparametric tests, the alternative placement of allotherian clade here is not significantly different from that in Fig. 1. Our nonparametric tests did not show a significant difference between the alternative placement of allotherians clade outside (here in Fig. 2) or multituberculates within (compare to Fig. 1) the mammalian crown group. Test results are summarized in Appendix 2. Each of the 21 equally parsimonious trees has: Tree Length = 942; CI = 0.496; RI = 0.759. All multi−state characters run as unordered; PAUP4.0b5 heuristic search (stepwise addition) 1000 runs. Numbers in circles (1 and 2) denote the nodes of two unnamed clades, described on p. 20 and 21 respectively, (3) crown−group Mammalia. Shadowed areas denote: Australosphenida (upper shading) and Boreosphenida (lower shading).