A review of Epileptic markers: From ion channels, astrocytes, synaptic imbalance to Whole brain Network Dynamics

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures,
presents a complex interplay of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Recent research has shed light on the critical involvement of astrocytes, the multifunctional glial cells, in the pathogenesis and modulation of epileptic
seizures. This article aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the 
intricate relationship between epilepsy and astrocytes from a meso to 
macroscale level in human. Astrocytes, once considered as mere 
supportive cells, are now recognized as active participants in the 
regulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and brain 
homeostasis. Recent advances in computational neuroscience have led to 
the development of whole brain network models, providing valuable tools 
for studying the complex dynamics of epileptic seizures. These models
integrate diverse biological factors, including neuronal connectivity, 
synaptic dynamics, and cellular properties, to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of epileptic activity across brain regions. Through
computational simulations and analysis, whole brain network models offer insights into seizure initiation, propagation, and termination 
mechanisms, shedding light on the dynamic interactions between 
epileptic foci and distributed brain networks. Moreover, these models 
facilitate the exploration of network-based biomarkers for seizure
prediction and intervention optimization. Challenges and limitations, such
as model complexity and validation against experimental data, are also 
discussed. Despite these challenges, whole brain network models 
represent a promising approach for advancing our understanding of
epilepsy and identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Future research
efforts should focus on refining model fidelity, incorporating multimodal data, and translating computational findings into clinically relevant applications, ultimately improving
the management and treatment of epilepsy patients.