Published June 30, 2024 | Version v1
Journal article Open

DOES AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE DESTINATION IMAGE INFLUENCE DESTINATION LOYALTY?EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A DEVELOPING COUNTRY

  • 1. Department of Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
  • 2. Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka, Shahbag, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

Description

ABSTRACT

 

This study aims to develop a comprehensive model of destination loyalty that considers domestic visitors. It examines the relationship between perceived value, cognitive and affective destination images, perceived satisfaction, and destination loyalty. The model was validated using structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. The study was conducted in Coxs'Bazar, the most popular tourist destination among domestic travelers. Results showed that domestic tourists' perceived affective destination image directly impacts their perceived value and destination loyalty. However, cognitive destination image did not affect loyalty but directly impacted their perceived value. Satisfaction mediates perceived value and destination loyalty, and cognitive destination image and destination loyalty are also influenced by perceived value. The study used the S-O-R theory to create a domestic destination loyalty model, clarifying the mediating roles that perceived value and satisfaction play. The research also revealed the cognitive and affective destination images of domestic visitors in a developing nation. Understanding these habits and preferences can help promote domestic tourism and aid destination marketing managers in developing effective strategic plans.

Files

24060105.pdf

Files (392.3 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:6215ec9c1e792e1a23d2d09c3707b844
392.3 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Abdillah, F., Afiff, A. Z., Hati, S. R. H., & Furinto, A. (2022). A local destination story for the restoration of the destination image affected by Covid-19 crisis: evidence from Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(6).
  • Agapito, D., Oom do Valle, P., & da Costa Mendes, J. (2013). The Cognitive-Affective-Conative Model of Destination Image: A Confirmatory Analysis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.803393
  • Afroz, N., & Istiaque, A. (2022). Impact of the cognitive image on destination loyalty: a parallel mediation technique. Tourism and Sustainable Development Review, 3, 45-61.
  • Akgün, A. E., Senturk, H. A., Keskin, H., & Onal, I. (2020). The relationships among nostalgic emotion, destination images and tourist behaviors: An empirical study of Istanbul. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100355.
  • Al-Dmour, R., Alkhatib, O. H., Al-Dmour, H., & Amin, E. B. (2023). The Influence of Social Marketing Drives on Brand Loyalty via the Customer Satisfaction as a Mediating Factor in Travel and Tourism Offices. SAGE Open, 13(2), 21582440231181433.
  • Allameh, S. M., Khazaei Pool, J., Jaberi, A., Salehzadeh, R., & Asadi, H. (2015). Factors influencing sport tourists' revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 27(2), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-12-2013-0159
  • Aliman, N. K., Hashim, S. M., Wahid, S. D. M., & Harudin, S. (2014). Tourist expectation, perceived quality and destination image: Effects on perceived value and satisfaction of tourists visiting langkawi Island, Malaysia. Asian journal of business and management, 2(3).
  • Assaker, G., Vinzi, V. E., & O'Connor, P. (2011). Examining the effect of novelty seeking, satisfaction, and destination image on tourists' return pattern: A two factor, non-linear latent growth model. Tourism management, 32(4), 890-901.
  • Attiq, S., & Moon, M. A. (2022). The influence of destination experience on destination loyalty in an emerging economy. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 16(4), 552-575.
  • Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D., & Voss, G. B. (2002). The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intentions. Journal of marketing, 66(2), 120-141.
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of tourism research, 26(4), 868-897.
  • Bayih, B. E., & Singh, A. (2020). Modeling domestic tourism: motivations, satisfaction and tourist behavioral intentions. Heliyon, 6(9).
  • Bosque, I. R. D., & Martin, H. S. (2008). Tourism Satisfaction: A Cognitive-Affective Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, 551-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
  • Boksberger, P. E., & Melsen, L. (2011). Perceived value: a critical examination of definitions, concepts and measures for the service industry. Journal of services marketing, 25(3), 229-240.
  • Bhuiyan, M. A. H., Darda, A., Habib, M. W., & Hossain, M. B. (2020). Marine tourism for sustainable development in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh (No. 1151). ADBI Working Paper Series.
  • Casali, G. L., Liu, Y., Presenza, A., & Moyle, C. L. (2021). How does familiarity shape destination image and loyalty for visitors and residents?. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 27(2), 151-167.
  • Cham, T. H., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2022). Will destination image drive the intention to revisit and recommend? Empirical evidence from golf tourism. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 23(2), 385-409.
  • Chan, A., Suryadipura, D., Kostini, N., & Miftahuddin, A. (2021). An integrative model of cognitive image and city brand equity. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 35(2), 364-371.
  • Cheng, T. M., & Lu, C. C. (2013). Destination Image, Novelty, Hedonics, Perceived Value, and Revisiting Behavioral Intention for Island Tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(7), 766–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.697906
  • Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.
  • Crouch, G. I., & Ritchie, J. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of business research, 44(3), 137-152.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of travel research, 31(4), 3-13.
  • Eggert, A., & Ulaga,W.(2002).Customer perceived value:a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?.Journal of Business & industrial marketing,17(2/3),107-118.
  • Eid, R., & El-Gohary, H. (2015). The role of Islamic religiosity on the relationship between perceived value and tourist satisfaction. Tourism management, 46, 477-488.
  • El-Adly, M. I. (2019). Modelling the relationship between hotel perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 50, 322-332.
  • Elliot, S., Papadopoulos, N., & Kim, S. S. (2011). An integrative model of place image: Exploring relationships between destination, product, and country images. Journal of Travel Research, 50(5), 520–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510379161
  • Guan, L. P., Ayob, N., Puah, C. H., Arip, M. A., & Jong, M. C. (2023). Destination Image Perception Mediated by Experience Quality: The Case of Qingzhou as an Emerging Destination in China. Electronics, 12(4), 945.
  • Hair, J. F. (2010). Black. WC, Babin. BJ; and Anderson. RE (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European business review, 26(2), 106-121.
  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares. European journal of marketing, 53(4), 566-584.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., ... & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook, 1-29
  • Hasan, K., & Abdullah, S. K. (2020). Determining factors of tourists ' loyalty to beach tourism destinations : a structural model. July 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2018-0334
  • Hasan, M. K., Abdullah, S. K., Lew, T. Y., & Islam, M. F. (2019). The antecedents of tourist attitudes to revisit and revisit intentions for coastal tourism. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(2), 218-234.
  • Hassan, A., & Ramkissoon, H. (2020). Potentials of tourism products and services in Bangladesh. In Tourism marketing in Bangladesh (pp. 317-328). Routledge.
  • Hashemi, S., Jasim Mohammed, H., Singh Dara Singh, K., Abbasi, G., & Shahreki, J. (2023). Exploring the effects of place attachment and positive emotions on place satisfaction and intentional behaviour in Iranian ski resort: a perspective from SOR model. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 27(2), 161-186.
  • Hossain, M. S., Mostafa, M. G., & Hossain, M. A. (2021). Modeling tourists' satisfaction in the nature-based tourist destination using structural equation modeling technique. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 37(3), 814–822. https://doi.org/10.30892/GTG.37311-713
  • Hossain, M. E., Quaddus, M., & Shanka, T. (2015). The association of quality, risk, sacrifice, satisfaction, and loyalty at the destination level: A structural model. Tourism Analysis, 20(4), 381-397.
  • Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion.
  • Huwae, V. E., Noermijati, N., Rofiaty, R., & Husein, A. S. (2020). The mediating role of destination value, tourist satisfaction, and tourist engagement on the relationship between destination image and tourist loyalty in Maluku, Indonesia. Leisure/Loisir, 44(4), 587-620.
  • Islam, M. W., Chowdhury, D., & Khan, A. (2021). Tourism in Bangladesh: a future outlook. Future of Tourism in Asia, 97-122.
  • Islam, M. M., Mazumder, M. F. H., & Hossaın, M. I. (2022). Investigating the Factors Affecting Tourists' Revisit Behavioral Intention: Evidence from Tourism Destinations in Bangladesh. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness, 5(2), 199-208.
  • Jamaludin, M., Johari, S., Aziz, A., Kayat, K., & Yusof, A. (2012). Examining structural relationship between destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. International Journal of Independent Research and Studies, 1(3), 89-96.
  • Jebbouri, A., Zhang, H., Imran, Z., Iqbal, J., & Bouchiba, N. (2022). Impact of destination image formation on tourist trust: Mediating role of tourist satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 845538.
  • Jeong, Y., & Kim, S. (2020). A study of event quality, destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty among sport tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(4), 940-960.
  • Jumanazarov, S., Kamilov, A., & Kiatkawsin, K. (2020). Impact of Samarkand's destination attributes on international tourists' revisit and word-of-mouth intention. Sustainability, 12(12), 5154.
  • Kalwani, M. U., & Narayandas, N. (1995). Long-term manufacturer-supplier relationships: do they pay off for supplier firms?. Journal of marketing, 59(1), 1-16.
  • Kim, M., & Thapa, B. (2018). The influence of self-congruity, perceived value, and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a case study of the Korean DMZ. J, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2017.1295973
  • Ku, W. X., Lim, S. S., Look, K. S., & Tan, W. H. (2019). Investigating tourist's behavioral intentions using stimulus-organism response theory (Doctoral dissertation, UTAR).
  • Kumar, V., & Reinartz, W. (2016). Creating enduring customer value. Journal of marketing, 80(6), 36-68.
  • Kusumah, E. P. (2023). Sustainable tourism concept: tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty. International Journal of Tourism Cities.
  • Lam, J. M., Ismail, H., & Lee, S. (2020). From desktop to destination: User-generated content platforms, co-created online experiences, destination image and satisfaction. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100490.
  • Li, M. L., & Green, R. D. (2011). A mediating influence on customer loyalty: The role of perceived value. Journal of Management and Marketing research, 7, 1.
  • Liang, X., & Xue, J. (2021). Mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between risk perception of smog and revisit intention: a case of Chengdu. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(9), 1024-1037.
  • Lin, M. S., Liang, Y., Xue, J. X., Pan, B., & Schroeder, A. (2021). Destination image through social media analytics and survey method. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(6), 2219-2238.
  • Lv, X., Li, C. (Spring), & McCabe, S. (2020). Expanding theory of tourists' destination loyalty: The role of sensory impressions. Tourism Management, 77(October 2019), 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104026
  • Lu, L., Jiao, M., & Weng, L. (2023). Influence of First-Time Visitors' Perceptions of Destination Image on Perceived Value and Destination Loyalty: A Case Study of Grand Canal Forest Park, Beijing. Forests, 14(3), 504.
  • Luvsandavaajav, O., & Narantuya, G. (2021). Understanding of travel motivations of domestic tourists. Journal of tourism and services, 12(22), 1-22.
  • McDougall, G. H., & Levesque, T. (2000). Customer satisfaction with services: putting perceived value into the equation. Journal of services marketing, 14(5), 392-410.
  • Meleddu, M., Paci, R., & Pulina, M. (2015). Repeated behaviour and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 50, 159-171.
  • Memon, M. A., Jun, H. C., Ting, H., & Francis, C. W. (2018). Mediation analysis issues and recommendations. Journal of applied structural equation modeling, 2(1), i-ix.
  • Morar, D. D. (2013). An overview of the consumer value literature–perceived value, desired value. Marketing from information to decision, (6), 169-186.
  • Najar, A. H., & Rather, A. H. (2023). Assessing the relationship of perceived risks with destination image and destination loyalty: a tourist's perspective visiting volatile destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(3), 1357-1379.
  • Nguyen Viet, B., Dang, H. P., & Nguyen, H. H. (2020). Revisit intention and satisfaction: The role of destination image, perceived risk, and cultural contact. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1796249.
  • Nyaupane, G., Paris, C., & Li, X. (2020). Introduction: Special issue on domestic tourism in Asia. Tourism Review International, 24(1), 1-4.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1981). Measurement and evaluation of satisfaction processes in retail settings. Journal of retailing.
  • Omo-Obas, P., & Anning-Dorson, T. (2023). Cognitive-affective-motivation factors influencing international visitors' destination satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 2222-2240.
  • Parveen, J. A., & Rajon, M. A. (2008). The Cox's Bazar of Bangladesh-A Rising Tourist Spot in The World: Its Economic Prospects and Constraints. In 2nd International Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries.
  • Pessoa, R. A., Oliveira, O., & Souza, L. L. F. (2022). Factors that make a destination fascinating and motivate (re) visit. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 26(2), 210-230.
  • Piper, L., Prete, M. I., Palmi, P., & Guido, G. (2022). Loyal or not? Determinants of heritage destination satisfaction and loyalty. A study of Lecce, Italy. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17(5), 593-608.
  • Polas, M. R. H., Saha, R. K., & Tabash, M. I. (2022). How does tourist perception lead to tourist hesitation? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(3), 3659-3686.
  • Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists' loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of travel research, 51(3), 342-356.
  • Quintal, V. A., & Polczynski, A. (2010). Factors influencing tourists' revisit intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(4), 554–578. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555851011090565
  • Ragb, H., Mahrous, A. A., & Ghoneim, A. (2020). A proposed measurement scale for mixed-images destinations and its interrelationships with destination loyalty and travel experience. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100677.
  • Ramayah,T.,Cheah,J.,Chuah,F.,Ting,H.,& Memon,M.A.(2018).partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM)using SmartPLS3.0:An Updated Guide and Practical Guide to Structural Analysis(2nd ed.)KualaLumpur,Malaysis:Pearson
  • Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, V. N., & Naidoo, P. (2015). Examining the Structural Relationships of Destination Image, Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty: Case of Mauritius. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1198
  • Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rastegar, R., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Destination image during the COVID-19 pandemic and future travel behavior: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100620.
  • Reichheld,F.F.(1993).Loyalty-based management.Harvard business review,71(2),64-73.
  • Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Sinkovics, N., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2023). A perspective on using partial least squares structural equation modelling in data articles. Data in Brief, 48, 109074.
  • Roy, M. (2021). Tourism Industry in Bangladesh: An Assessment of Advanced SWOT Model and TOWS Matrix. Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and Development Perspectives, 279-310.
  • Rungtusanatham,M.,Miller,J.W.,& boyer,K.K.(2014).Theorizing,testing,and cocluding for mediation in SCM research:Tutorial and procedural recommendations.Journal of Oprations Management,32(3),99-113.
  • Russell, J. A., Ward, L. M., & Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: A factor analytic study. Environment and behavior, 13(3), 259-288.
  • Sahabuddin, M., Tan, Q., Hossain, I., Alam, M. S., & Nekmahmud, M. (2021). Tourist environmentally responsible behavior and satisfaction; Study on the world's longest natural sea beach, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Sustainability, 13(16), 9383.
  • Sahoo, D., Gnanamkonda, V., Siriguppi, D., & Ponnam, A. (2024). Comprehending Determinants and Outcomes of Cultural Tourism to India: Foreign Tourist's Perspective Using SOR Theory. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 72(3), 301-313.
  • Salimullah, A.H.M.,( 2021). Theoretical understanding and perspective analysis of investment and development in the tourism and hospitality industry in Bangladesh. Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and Development Perspectives, pp.27-46.
  • Sato, S., Kim, H., Buning, R. J., & Harada, M. (2018). Adventure tourism motivation and destination loyalty: A comparison of decision and non-decision makers. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 74-81.
  • Seabra, C., Pereira, A., Silva, C., Abrantes, J. L., Reis, M., & Paiva, O. (2020). Destination image perceived by domestic tourists: The influence of Generation Gap. European Journal of Tourism Research, 25(2506), 1-22.
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Saarinen, J. (2023). Rethinking sustainable substitution between domestic and international tourism: a policy thought experiment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1-15.
  • Shmueli, G., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., Vaithilingam, S., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict. European journal of marketing, 53(11), 2322-2347.
  • Song, Z., Su, X., & Li, L. (2013). The indirect effects of destination image on destination loyalty intention through tourist satisfaction and perceived value: The bootstrap approach. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(4), 386-409.
  • Sthapit, E., Garrod, B., Coudounaris, D. N., Seyfi, S., Cifci, I., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2024). Antecedents of memorable heritage tourism experiences: an application of stimuli–organism–response theory. International Journal of Tourism Cities.
  • Stylidis, D. (2022). Exploring resident–tourist interaction and its impact on tourists' destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 186-201.
  • Tedjakusuma, A. P., Retha, N. K. M. D., & Andajani, E. (2023). The Effect of Destination Image and Perceived Value on Tourist Satisfaction and Tourist Loyalty of Bedugul Botanical Garden, Bali. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 85-99.
  • Talukder, M. B. (2020). An Appraisal of the Economic Outlook for the Tourism Industry, Specially Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. I-manager's Journal on Economics & Commerce, 1(2), 24-36.
  • Tasci, A. D., Uslu, A., Stylidis, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2022). Place-oriented or people-oriented concepts for destination loyalty: Destination image and place attachment versus perceived distances and emotional solidarity. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 430-453.
  • Tri, N. G., & Nguyen, Q. N. (2024). INTENTION TO RETURN TO NATIONAL PARK: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED QUALITY, PERCEIVED VALUE, AND TOURIST SATISFACTION. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 53(2), 380-387.
  • Uncles, M. D., Dowling, G. R., & Hammond, K. (2003). Customer loyalty and customer loyalty programs. Journal of consumer marketing, 20(4), 294-316.
  • Usakli, A., & Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2023). Which SEM to use and what to report? A comparison of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM. In Cutting edge research methods in hospitality and tourism (pp. 5-28). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Vinh, N. Q., & Hien, L. M. (2023). The Influence of Travel Experience, Destination Image on Destination Loyalty Through Perceived Value and Tourist Satisfaction: Evidence from Craft Villages Tourism. RES MILITARIS, 13(3), 1724-1736.
  • Volgger, M. Taplin, R.and Aebli, A.(2021)." Recovery of domestic tourism during the COVID- 19 pandemic: An experimental comparison of interventions". Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 48, 428–440.
  • Wang, B., Yang, Z., Han, F., & Shi, H. (2016). Road trip in China: The mediation effect of perceived value and tourist satisfaction on the relationship between destination image and loyalty. Preprints (www. preprints. org), doi, 10.
  • Wang, B., Yang, Z., Han, F., & Shi, H. (2017). Car tourism in Xinjiang: The mediation effect of perceived value and tourist satisfaction on the relationship between destination image and loyalty. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010022
  • Wang, Z., Udomwong, P., Fu, J., & Onpium, P. (2023). Destination image: A review from 2012 to 2023. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2240569
  • Woosnam, K. M., Stylidis, D., & Ivkov, M. (2020). Explaining conative destination image through cognitive and affective destination image and emotional solidarity with residents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(6), 917-935.
  • Wu, C. W. (2016). Destination loyalty modeling of the global tourism. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 2213-2219.
  • Wu, G., & Liang, L. (2020). Examining the effect of potential tourists' wine product involvement on wine tourism destination image and travel intention. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-16.
  • Yağmur, Y., & Aksu, A. (2020). Destination image of Antalya from the perspectives of tourists staying in hospitality establishments with the concept of halal tourism. Journal of Tourism and Services, 11(21), 103-128.
  • Yang, Z., & Peterson, R. T. (2004). Customer perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: The role of switching costs. Psychology & marketing, 21(10), 799-822.
  • Yu, Y., Lang, M., Zhao, Y., Liu, W., & Hu, B. (2023). Tourist perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and life satisfaction: Evidence from Chinese Buddhist temple tours. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 47(1), 133-152.
  • Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., Prayag, G., & Surovaya, E. (2021). Around the world in less than a day: virtual reality, destination image and perceived destination choice risk in family tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(1), 3-18.
  • Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2008). Consumer satisfaction theories: a critical review. Tourist satisfaction and complaining behavior: Measurement and management issues in the tourism and hospitality industry, 65-88.
  • Zeithaml, V. A. (2000). Service quality, profitability, and the economic worth of customers: what we know and what we need to learn. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 28, 67-85.
  • Zhou, X., Ng, S. I., & Deng, W. (2024). Why I revisit a historic town in Chengdu? Roles of cognitive image, affective image and memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics.