Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection and Tear Repair: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Interventions

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) represents a rare but significant cause of acute coronary syndrome, predominantly affecting young to middle-aged women without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The pathophysiology of SCAD involves the spontaneous development of an intimal tear or the formation of an intramural hematoma, leading to coronary artery obstruction and myocardial ischemia. Diagnosing SCAD is challenging due to its varied presentation and the need for high-resolution imaging techniques. Management strategies for SCAD are diverse, ranging from conservative medical therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and, in severe cases, surgical repair. This review aims to provide a detailed analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic approaches for the repair of SCAD, highlighting recent advancements in interventional cardiology and surgical techniques