The Russia-Ukraine Conflict From a Hybrid Warfare Cognitive Perspective

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has had major global consequences, ranging from a humanitarian crisis resulting in millions of refugees, to food crises in the Near East and Africa, followed by a worldwide energy crisis with economic shocks triggering geopolitical realignments,  ultimately affecting all military domains, including cyberspace. Specifically, since the Russian invasion on 24 February 2022, Moscow has tried to bring Kyiv to its knees in the cyberspace domain. Accordingly, this paper analyses how hybrid and non-hybrid, cyber and information warfare have worked in Russia’s favour, and where these tools and techniques might have failed. It highlights how the electromagnetic spectrum cannot be fully separated from the cyber and information spaces.