Beyond Snettisham: a reassessment of gold alloy torcs from Iron Age Britain and Ireland.

Research by the authors (Machling & Williamson 2016; 2018; 2019a; 2019b; 2020a; 2020b & 2022) has shown new methods and techniques employed in the creation of gold alloy Iron Age torus torcs manufactured in Britain and Ireland. This paper pulls together the strands of this research and, together with recent analysis of decorative motifs, and comparison with other sheet or hollow torcs of the period, looks to place these torcs within a chronological framework, suggesting that ‘Snettisham style’ torcs may be of 4^th century BC origin - an earlier date than has been previously assumed.