Process evaluation of mild hydrothermal carbonization to convert wet biomass residue streams into intermediate bioenergy carriers

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising process for the upgrading of wet biomass residues. Models of
HTC processes, in particular at continuous pilot-scale, are needed to move HTC from lab-scale to industrial scale.
This study presents a process model for mild HTC, dewatering and conversion to intermediate energy carriers
(bio-pellets and biogas for power and/or heat production) of three wet biomass residue streams: paper sludge,
olive pomace and orange peels, based on lab- and pilot-scale experiments. In addition, the process energy efficiency and feedstock utilization of the HTC process is calculated and compared with conventional treatment
options for the chosen residues, i.e., direct anaerobic digestion (olive pomace, orange peels) or combustion after
conventional dewatering (paper sludge). The process model indicates that the HTC pilot-scale process is much
more efficient in terms of feedstock utilization to produce heat and/or power than the reference scenarios. The
process energy efficiency of the HTC process (pilot-scale) was calculated to be 26 %, 63 % and 40 % for paper
sludge, olive pomace and orange peel feedstocks, respectively. For all feedstocks, both the solid and liquidgenerated products are equally important for improving the overall process energy efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of HTC processes for upgrading wet biomass waste streams based on continuous
pilot-scale data.