Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published October 31, 2014 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Saponins in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae): A systematic review of their chemical diversity

Authors/Creators

  • 1. Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China

Description

Yang, Wen-zhi, Hu, Ying, Wu, Wan-ying, Ye, Min, Guo, De-an (2014): Saponins in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae): A systematic review of their chemical diversity. Phytochemistry 106: 7-24, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.012, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.012

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:F566FF9F3806DF5AFFE0FFBD6B1AFFEF

Related works

Has part
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10480331 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10480333 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10480335 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10480337 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.10480339 (DOI)

References

  • Asakawa, J., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., Tanaka, O., 1977. 13C NMR study of ginseng sapogenins and their related dammarane type triterpenes. Tetrahedron 33, 1935-1939.
  • Baek, N.I., Kim, D.S., Lee, Y.H., Park, J.D., Lee, C.B., Kim, S.I., 1996. Ginsenoside Rh-4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Med. 62, 86-87.
  • Baek, N.I., Kim, J.M., Park, J.H., Ryu, J.H., Kim, D.S., Lee, Y.H., Park, J.D., Kim, S.I., 1997. Ginsenoside Rs3, a genuine dammarane-glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 20, 280-282.
  • Baek, S.H., Bae, O.N., Park, J.H., 2012. Recent methodology in Ginseng analysis. J. Ginseng Res. 36, 119-134.
  • Besso, H., Kasai, R., Wei, J.X., Wang, J.F., Saruwatari, Y.I., Fuwa, T., Tanaka, O., 1982a. Further studies on dammarane-saponins of American Ginseng, roots of Panax quinquefolium L.. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30, 4534-4538.
  • Besso, H., Kasai, R., Saruwatari, Y., Fuwa, T., Tanaka, O., 1982b. Ginsenoside-Ra1 and ginsenoside-Ra2, new dammarane-saponins of Ginseng roots. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30, 2380-2385.
  • Chan, H.H., Hwang, T.L., Reddy, M.V.B., Li, D.T., Qian, K., Bastow, K.F., Lee, K.H., Wu, T.S., 2011. Bioactive constituents from the roots of Panax japonicus var. major and development of a LC-MS/MS method for distinguishing between natural and artifactual compounds. J. Nat. Prod. 74, 796-802.
  • Chen, Y.J., Xu, S.X., Ma, Q.F., Pei, Y.P., Xie, Y., Yao, X.S., 1987. Studies on new minor saponins isolated from leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Acta Pharm. Sin. 9, 685-689.
  • Chen, Y.J., Xie, H., Pei, Y.P., Xu, S.X., Yao, X.S., 1988. Isolation and identification of the anti-tumor constituent, ginsenoside-Rh2. Zhong Yao Tong Bao 13, 40-42.
  • Chen, Y.J., Zhang, S.L., Wang, Z.X., Lu, Y.J., Xu, S.X., Yao, X.S., Cui, C.B., Tezuka, Y., Kikuchi, T., Ogihara, Y., Tadahiro, T., 1990. Isolation and elucidation of a new minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Acta Pharm. Sin. 25, 379-381.
  • Chen, J.T., Li, H.Z., Wang, D., Zhang, Y.J., Yang, C.R., 2006. New dammarane monodesmosides from the acidic deglycosylation of notoginseng-leaf saponins. Helv. Chim. Acta 89, 1442-1448.
  • Chen, C.F., Chiou, W.F., Zhang, J.T., 2008. Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 29, 1103- 1108.
  • Chen, J., Zhao, R., Zeng, Y.M., Meng, H., Zuo, W.J., Li, X., Wang, J.H., 2009. Three new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 11, 195-201.
  • Cho, J.G., Lee, M.K., Lee, J.W., Park, H.J., Lee, D.Y., Lee, Y.H., Yang, D.C., Baek, N.I., 2010. Physicochemical characterization and NMR assignments of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd isolated from Panax ginseng. J. Ginseng Res. 34, 113-121.
  • Connolly, J.D., Hill, R.A., 2003. Triterpenoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 20, 640-659.
  • Cui, X.M., Jiang, Z.Y., Zeng, J., Zhou, J.M., Chen, J.J., Zhang, X.M., Xu, L.S., Wang, Q., 2008. Two new dammarane triterpene glycosides from the rhizomes of Panax notoginseng. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 10, 845-849.
  • Dou, D.Q., Chen, Y.J., Ma, Z.Z., Wen, Y., Weng, M.H., Pei, Y.P., Wang, Z.X., Kawai, H., Fukushima, H., Murakami, Y., 1996a. A novel minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 5, 48-52.
  • Dou, D.Q., Wen, Y., Pei, Y.P., Yao, X.S., Chen, Y.J., Kawai, H., Fukushima, H., 1996b. Ginsenoside-La: a novel minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Med. 62, 179-181.
  • Dou, D.Q., Chen, Y.J., Liang, L.H., Pang, F.G., Shimizu, N., Takeda, T., 2001. Six new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49, 442-446.
  • Dou, D.Q., Li, W., Guo, N., Fu, R., Pei, Y.P., Koike, K., Nikaido, T., 2006. Ginsenoside Rg8, a new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin from roots of Panax quinquefolium. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 751-753.
  • Duc, N.M., Nham, N.T., Kasai, R., Ito, A., Yamasaki, K., Tanaka, O., 1993. Saponins from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. Collected in central Vietnam. I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41, 2010-2014.
  • Duc, N.M., Kasai, R., Ohtani, K., Ito, A., Nham, N.T., Yamasaki, K., Tanaka, O., 1994a. Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. Collected in central Vietnam. II. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 115-122.
  • Duc, N.M., Kasai, R., Ohtani, K., Ito, A., Nham, N.T., Yamasaki, K., Tanaka, O., 1994b. Saponins from Vietnamese Ginseng, Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. Collected in central Vietnam III. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 634-640.
  • Duc, N.M., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., Nham, N.T., Tanaka, O., 1999. New dammarane saponins from Vietnamese ginseng. Stud. Plant Sci. 6, 77-82.
  • Feng, B.S., Wang, X.B., Wang, D.Q., Yang, C.R., Zhou, J., 1987. Dammarane saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus var. major collected in Qinling Mountain, China (1). Acta Bot. Yunnanica 9, 477-484.
  • Jia, J.M., Wang, Z.Q., Wu, L.J., 2008. Two new acetylated ginsenosides from the roots of Panax quinquefolium. Chin. Chem. Lett. 19, 1099-1102.
  • Jiang, H.P., Qiu, Y.K., Cheng, D.R., Kang, T.G., Dou, D.Q., 2008. Structure elucidation and complete NMR spectral assignments of two new dammarane-type tetraglycosides from Panax quinquefolium. Magn. Reson. Chem. 46, 786-790.
  • Kaku, T., Kawashima, Y., 1980. Isolation and characterization of ginsenoside Rg2, 20R -prosapogenin, 20S -prosapogenin and Δ20-prosapogenin. Chemical studies on saponins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Third report. Arzneimittelforschung 30, 936-943.
  • Kasai, R., Suzuo, M., Asakawa, J., Tanaka, O., 1977. C-13 chemical-shifts of isoprenoid-beta-D- glucopyranosides and isoprenoid-beta-D- mannopyranosides - stereochemical influences of aglycone alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett. 2, 175- 178.
  • Kasai, R., Besso, H., Tanaka, O., Saruwatari, Y.I., Fuwa, T., 1983. Saponins of red ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 2120-2125.
  • Keum, Y.S., Park, K.K., Lee, J.M., Chun, K.S., Park, J.H., Lee, S.K., Kwon, H., Surh, Y.J., 2000. Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Lett. 150, 41-48.
  • Kim, D.S., Chang, Y.J., Zedk, U., Zhao, P., Lin, Y.Q., Yang, C.R., 1995. Dammarane saponins from Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry 40, 1493-1497.
  • Kim, S.I., Park, J.H., Ryu, J.H., Park, J.D., Lee, Y.H., Park, J.H., Kim, T.H., Kim, J.M., Baek, N.I., 1996. Ginsenoside Rg5, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 19, 551-553.
  • Kim, W.Y., Kim, J.M., Han, S.B., Lee, S.K., Kim, N.D., Park, M.K., Kim, C.K., Park, J.H., 2000. Steaming of ginseng at high temperature enhances biological activity. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1702-1704.
  • Kitagawa, I., Yoshikawa, M., Yoshihara, M., Hayashi, T., Taniyama, T., 1981. Chemical studies on crude drugs. I. On the constituents of ginseng radix rubra. Yakugaku Zasshi 103, 612-622.
  • Kitagawa, I., Taniyama, T., Hayashi, T., Yohikawa, M., 1983. Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, four new malonylated dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from ginseng radix. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 3353-3356.
  • Kohda, H., Tanaka, S., Yamaoka, Y., Izumi, H., Nuno, M., Isoda, S., Gotoh, K., Watanabe, T., Katsuki, S., Satake, M., 1991. Chikusetsusaponin. VI. A new saponin from the rhizome of Panax pseudo-ginseng var. angustatus Hara. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39, 1588-1590.
  • Komakine, N., Okasaka, M., Takaishi, Y., Kawazoe, K., Murakami, K., Yamada, Y., 2006. New dammarane-type saponin from roots of Panax notoginseng. J. Nat. Med. 60, 135-137.
  • Lee, S.M., Shon, H.J., Choi, C.S., Hung, T.M., Min, B.S., Bae, K., 2009. Ginsenosides from heat processed ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 57, 92-94.
  • Leung, K.W., Wong, A.S.T., 2010. Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review. Chin. Med. 5, 20-26.
  • Li, H.Z., Teng, R.W., Yang, C.R., 2001. A novel hexanordammarane glycoside from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Chin. Chem. Lett. 12, 59-62.
  • Li, G.Y., Zeng, Y.M., Meng, H., Li, X., Wang, J.H., 2009. A new triterpenoid saponin from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.. Chin. Chem. Lett. 20, 1207- 1210.
  • Li, K.K., Yang, X.B., Yang, X.W., Liu, J.X., Gong, X.J., 2012a. New triterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng. Fitoterapia 83, 1030-1035.
  • Li, K.K., Yao, C.M., Yang, X.W., 2012b. Four new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax ginseng and their cytotoxicity on HL-60 cells. Planta Med. 78, 189-192.
  • Liang, C., Ding, Y., Nguyen, H.T., Kim, J.A., Boo, H.J., Kang, H.K., Nguyen, M.C., Kim, Y.H., 2010. Oleanane-type triterpenoids from Panax stipuleanatus and their anticancer activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20, 7110-7115.
  • Liao, P.Y., Wang, D., Zhang, Y.J., Yang, C.R., 2008. Dammarane-type glycosides from steamed notoginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 1751-1756.
  • Lin, T.D., Kondo, N., Shoji, J., 1976. Studies on the constituents of Panacis Japonici Rhizoma. V. The structures of chikusetsusaponin I, Ia, Ib, Iva and glycoside P1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 24, 253-261.
  • Liu, J.P., Lu, D., Zhao, Y., Li, P.Y., Li, X., 2007. A new semisynthetic octillol-type saponin and resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 9, 103- 113.
  • Liu, Y.Y., Li, J.B., He, J.M., Abliz, Z., Qu, J., Yu, S.S., Ma, S.G., Liu, J., Du, D., 2009. Identification of new trace triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23, 667-679.
  • Liu, G.Y., Li, X.W., Wang, N.B., Zhou, H.Y., Wei, W., Gui, M.Y., Yang, B., Jin, Y.R., 2010. Three new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 12, 865-873.
  • Lu, P., Su, W., Miao, Z.H., Niu, H.R., Liu, J., Hua, Q.L., 2008. Effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 on postoperative life span of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 14, 33-36.
  • Lu, D., Li, P.Y., Liu, J.P., 2012. Quinquenoside F6, a new triterpenoid saponin from the fruits of Panax quinquefolium L.. Nat. Prod. Res. 26, 1395-1401.
  • Ma, W.G., Mizutani, M., Malterud, K.E., Lu, S.L., Ducrey, B., Tahara, S., 1999. Saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 52, 1133-1139.
  • Ma, H.Y., Gao, H.Y., Huang, J., Sun, B.H., Yang, B., 2012. Three new triterpenoids from Panax ginseng exhibit cytotoxicity against human A549 and Hep-3B cell lines. J. Nat. Med. 66, 576-582.
  • Mao, Q., Yang, J., Cui, X.M., Li, J.J., Qi, Y.T., Zhang, P.H., Wang, Q., 2012. Target separation of a new anti-tumor saponin and metabolic profiling of leaves of Panax notoginseng by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 59, 67- 77.
  • Matsuura, H., Kasai, R., Tanaka, O., Saruwatari, Y.I., Fuwa, T., Zhou, J., 1983. Further studies on dammarane-saponins of sanchi ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 2281-2287.
  • Matsuura, H., Kasai, R., Tanaka, O., Saruwatari, Y.I., Kunihiro, K., Fuwa, T., 1984. Further studies on dammarane-saponins of Ginseng roots. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32, 1188-1192.
  • Morita, T., Kasai, R., Tanaka, O., Zhou, J., Yang, T.R., Shoji, J., 1982. Saponins of Zu- Tziseng, rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer var. major (Burk.) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, collected in Yunnan, China. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30, 4341-4346.
  • Morita, T., Kong, Y.C., But, P.P.-H., Ng, K.-H., Yip, T.-T., Kasai, R., Tanaka, O., 1986. Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in central Nepal and their chemotaxonomical significance. II. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 4368-4372.
  • Nagai, Y., Tanaka, O., Shibata, S., 1971. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs- XXIV: structure of ginsenoside-Rg1, a neutral saponin of ginseng root. Tetrahedron 27, 881-892.
  • Nagai, M., Ando, T., Tanaka, N., Tanaka, O., Shibata, S., 1972. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. XXVIII. Saponins and sapogenins of Ginseng: stereochemistry of the sapogenin of ginsenosides-Rb1, -Rb2, and -Rc. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 20, 1212-1216.
  • Nakamura, S., Sugimoto, S., Matsuda, H., Yoshikawa, M., 2007a. Medicinal flowers. XVII. New dammarane-type triterpene glycoside from flower buds of American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55, 1342-1348.
  • Nakamura, S., Sugimoto, S., Matsuda, H., Yoshikawa, M., 2007b. Structures of dammarane-type triterpene triglycosides from flower buds of Panax ginseng. Heterocycles 71, 577-588.
  • Namba, T., Matsushige, K., Morita, T., Tanaka, O., 1986. Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in central Nepal and their chemotaxonomical significance. I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 730-738.
  • Ng, T.B., 2006. Pharmacological activity of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58, 1007-1019.
  • Nguyen, H.T., Song, G.Y., Kang, H.K., Kim, Y.H., 2010. New dammarane saponins from the steamed ginseng leaves. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 31, 2094-2096.
  • Park, J.D., Lee, Y.H., Kim, S.I., 1998. Ginsenoside Rf2, a new dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng). Arch. Pharm. Res. 21, 615-617.
  • Park, I.H., Han, S.B., Kim, J.M., Piao, L.Z., Kwon, S.W., Kim, N.Y., Kang, T.L., Park, M.K., Park, J.H., 2002a. Four new acetylated ginsenosides from processed ginseng (Sun Ginseng). Arch. Pharm. Res. 25, 837-841.
  • Park, I.H., Kim, N.Y., Han, S.B., Kim, J.M., Kwon, S.W., Kim, H.J., Park, M.K., Park, J.H., 2002b. Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 25, 428-432.
  • Park, H.J., Kim, D.H., Park, S.J., Kim, J.M., Ryu, J.H., 2012. Ginseng in traditional herbal prescriptions. J. Ginseng Res. 36, 225-241.
  • Qi, L.W., Wang, C.Z., Yuan, C.S., 2011. Isolation and analysis of ginseng: advances and challenges. Nat. Prod. Rep. 28, 467-495.
  • Qiu, F., Ma, Z.Z., Xu, S.X., Yao, X.S., Chen, Y.J., Che, Z.T., 1998. Studies on dammarane-type saponins in the flower-buds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1, 119-123.
  • Qiu, F., Ma, Z.Z., Xu, S.X., Yao, X.S., Che, C.T., Chen, Y.J., 2001. A pair of 24- hydroperoxyl epimeric dammarane saponins from flower-buds of Panax ginseng. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 3, 235-240.
  • Qiu, Y.K., Dou, D.Q., Cai, L.P., Jiang, H.P., Kang, T.G., Yang, B.Y., Kuang, H.X., Li, M.Z., 2009. Dammarane-type saponins from Panax quinquefolium and their inhibition activity on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Fitoterapia 80, 219-222.
  • Ruan, C.C., Liu, Z., Li, X., Liu, X., Wang, L.J., Pan, H.Y., Zheng, Y.N., Sun, G.Z., Zhang, Y.S., Zhang, L.X., 2010. Isolation and characterization of a new ginsenoside from the fresh root of Panax ginseng. Molecules 15, 2319-2325.
  • Ryu, J.H., Park, J.H., Kim, T.H., Sohn, D.H., Kim, J.M., Park, J.H., 1996. A genuine dammarane glycoside, (20E)-ginsenoside F4 from Korean red ginseng. Arch. Pharm. Res. 19, 335-336.
  • Ryu, J.H., Park, J.H., Eun, J.H., Jung, J.H., Sohn, D.H., 1997. A dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Phytochemistry 44, 931-933.
  • Sanada, S., Shoji, J., 1978a. Comparative studies on the saponins of ginseng and related crude drugs (1). Shoyakugaku Zasshi 32, 96-99.
  • Sanada, S., Shoji, J., 1978b. Studies on the saponins of Ginseng. III. Structures of ginsenoside-Rb3 and 20-glucoginsenoside-Rf. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 26, 1694- 1697.
  • Sanada, S., Kondo, N., Shoji, J., Tanaka, O., Shibata, S., 1974a. Studies on the saponins of Ginseng. I. Structures of ginsenoside-Ro, -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, and Rd. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 22, 421-428.
  • Sanada, S., Kondo, N., Shoji, J., Tanaka, O., Shibata, S., 1974b. Studies on the saponins of Ginseng. II. Structures of ginsenoside-Re, -Rf and-Rg2. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 22, 2407-2412.
  • Shibata, S., Fujita, M., Itokawa, H., Tanaka, O., Ishii, T., 1963. Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese crude drugs. XI. Panaxadiol, a sapogenin of Ginseng roots. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 11, 759-761.
  • Shibata, S., Tanaka, O., Ando, T., Sado, M., Tsushima, S., Ohsawa, T., 1966. Chemical studies on oriental plant drugs. XIV. Protopanaxadiol, a genuine sapogenin of Ginseng saponins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 14, 595-600.
  • Sun, H.Y., Ye, Y.P., Pan, Y.J., 2005. Immunological-adjuvant saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Chem. Biodivers. 2, 510-515.
  • Sun, G.Z., Li, X.G., Liu, Z., Wang, J.Y., Zheng, Y.N., Yang, X.W., 2007. Isolation and structure characterization of malonyl-notoginsenoside-R4 from the roots of Panax ginseng. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 28, 1316-1318.
  • Tanaka, O., Yahara, S., 1978. Dammarane saponins of leaves of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus. Phytochemistry 17, 1353-1358.
  • Tanaka, O., Morita, T., Kasai, R., Kinouchi, J., Sanada, S., Ida, Y., Shoji, J., 1985. Study on saponins of rhizomes of Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus collected at Tzatogang and Pari-la, Bhutan-Himalaya. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33, 2323-2330.
  • Teng, R.W., Li, H.Z., Chen, J.T., Wang, D.Z., He, Y.N., Yang, C.R., 2002. Complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR data for nine protopanaxatriol glycosides. Magn. Reson. Chem. 40, 483-488.
  • Teng, R.W., Li, H.Z., Wang, D.Z., Yang, C.R., 2004. Hydrolytic reaction of plant extracts to generate molecular diversity: new dammarane glycosides from the mild acid hydrolysate of root saponins of Panax notoginseng. Helv. Chim. Acta 87, 1270-1278.
  • Tran, Q.L., Adnyana, I.K., Tezuka, Y., Nagaoka, T., Tran, Q.K., Kadota, S., 2001. Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity. J. Nat. Prod. 64, 456-461.
  • Tung, N.H., Song, G.Y., Park, Y.J., Kim, Y.H., 2009. Two new dammarane-type saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 57, 1412-1414.
  • Tung, N.H., Song, G.Y., Kim, J.A., Hyun, J.H., Kang, H.K., Kim, Y.H., 2010a. Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their effects on human leukemia cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20, 309-314.
  • Tung, N.H., Song, G.Y., Minh, C.V., Kiem, P.V., Jin, L.G., Boo, H.J., Kang, H.K., Kim, Y.H., 2010b. Steamed ginseng-leaf components enhance cytotoxic effects on human leukemia HL-60 cells. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 58, 1111-1115.
  • Tung, N.H., Song, G.Y., Nhiem, N.X., Ding, Y., Tai, B.H., Jin, L.G., Lim, C.M., Hyun, J.W., Park, C.J., Kang, H.K., Kim, Y.H., 2010c. Dammarane-type saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng and their intracellular radical scavenging capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 868-874.
  • Tung, N.H., Quang, T.H., Ngan, N.T.T., Minh, C.V., Anh, B.K., Long, P.Q., Cuong, N.M., Kim, Y.H., 2011. Oleanolic triterpene saponins from the roots of Panax bipinnatifidus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 59, 1417-1420.
  • Vincken, J.P., Heng, L., de Groot, A., Gruppen, H., 2007. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry 68, 275-297.
  • Wan, J.B., Zhang, Q.W., Hong, S.J., Guan, J., Ye, W.C., Li, S.P., Lee, M.Y.S., Wang, Y.T., 2010. 5,6-Didehydroginsenosides from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Molecules 15, 8169-8176.
  • Wang, D.Q., Fan, J., Feng, B.S., Li, S.R., Wang, X.B., Yang, C.R., Zhou, J., 1989a. Studies on saponins from the leaves of Panax japonicus var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) Wu et Feng. Acta Pharm. Sin. 24, 593-599.
  • Wang, D.Q., Feng, B.S., Wang, X.B., Yang, C.R., Zhou, J., 1989b. Further study on dammarane saponin of leaves of Panax japonicus var. major collected in Quinling Mountains China. Acta Pharm. Sin. 24, 633-636.
  • Wang, J.H., Li, W., Li, X., 1998. A new saponin from the leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L. collected in Canada. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 1, 93-97.
  • Wang, J.H., Shi, Y., Li, W., Tezuka, Y., Kadota, S., Li, X., 2001a. Quinquenoside L9 from leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 3, 293-297.
  • Wang, J.H., Li, W., Tezuka, Y., Kadota, S., Li, X., 2001b. Triterpenoid saponins from leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L.. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 3, 123-130.
  • Wang, J.Y., Li, X.G., Zheng, Y.N., Yang, X.W., 2004. Isoginsenoside-Rh3, a new triterpenoid saponin from the fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 6, 289-293.
  • Wang, L.B., Wu, Z.H., Gao, H.Y., Huang, J., Sun, B.H., Wu, L.J., 2008a. A new compound with cytotoxic activities from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Chin. Chem. Lett. 19, 837-840.
  • Wang, X.Y., Wang, D., Ma, X.X., Zhang, Y.J., Yang, C.R., 2008b. Two new dammarane-type bisdesmosides from the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng. Helv. Chim. Acta 91, 60-66.
  • Wang, J.R., Yamasaki, Y., Tanaka, T., Kouno, I., Jiang, Z.H., 2009. Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flowers of Panax notoginseng. Molecules 14, 2087- 2094.
  • Wei, J.X., Chen, Y.G., Cao, S.M., 1992. Studies on the saponins in the fruit pedicels of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chin. J. Chin. Mater. Med. 17, 611-613.
  • Yahara, S., Tanaka, O., Komori, T., 1976. Saponins of the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 24, 2204-2208.
  • Yahara, S., Kasai, R., Tanaka, O., 1977. New dammarane type saponins of leaves of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer. (1). Chikusetsusaponins-L5, -L9a and -L10. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 25, 2041-2047.
  • Yahara, S., Kaji, K., Tanaka, O., 1979. Further study on dammarane-type saponins of roots, leaves, flower-buds, and fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 27, 88-92.
  • Yang, T.R., Kasai, R., Zhou, J., Tanaka, O., 1983. Dammarane saponins of leaves and seeds of Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 22, 1473-1478.
  • Yang, W.Z., Ye, M., Qiao, X., Liu, C.F., Miao, W.J., Bo, T., Tao, H.Y., Guo, D.A., 2012. A strategy for efficient discovery of new natural compounds by integrating orthogonal column chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis: its application in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng to characterize 437 potential new ginsenosides. Anal. Chim. Acta 739, 56-66.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Ueno, T., Yashiro, K., Hirokawa, N., Murakami, N., Yamahara, J., Matsuda, H., Saijoh, R., Tanaka, O., 1997a. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. VIII. Notoginseng (1): new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-A, -B, -C, and -D, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 45, 1039-1045.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Ueno, T., Yashiro, K., Hirokawa, N., Murakami, N., Yamahara, J., Matsuda, H., Saijoh, R., Tanaka, O., 1997b. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. IX. Notoginseng (2): structures of five new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, notoginsenosides-E, -G, -H, -I, and -J, and a novel acetylenic fatty acid glycoside, notoginsenic acid β- sophoroside, from the dried root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 45, 1056-1062.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Murakami, T., Yashiro, K., Yamahara, J., Matsuda, H., Saijoh, R., Tanaka, O., 1998. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XI. Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, quinquenosides I, II, III, IV, and V, from American ginseng, the roots of Panax quinquefolium L.. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 46, 647-654.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Yashiro, K., Murakami, T., Matsuda, H., 2001. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49, 1452-1456.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Morikawa, T., Kashima, Y., Ninomiya, K., Matsuda, H., 2003. Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal Ginseng saponins. J. Nat. Prod. 66, 922-927.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., Matsuda, H., 2007a. Medicinal flowers. XI. Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene diglycosides with hydroperoxide group from flower buds of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55, 571-576.
  • Yoshikawa, M., Sugimoto, S., Nakamura, S., Sakumae, H., Matsuda, H., 2007b. Medicinal flowers. XVI. New dammarane-type triterpene tetraglycosides and gastroprotective principles from flower buds of Panax ginseng. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55, 1034-1038.
  • Yoshizaki, K., Yahara, S., 2012a. New triterpenoid saponins from fruits specimens of Panax japonicus collected in Kumamoto and Miyazaki Prefectures (1). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 60, 354-362.
  • Yoshizaki, K., Yahara, S., 2012b. New triterpenoid saponins from leaves of Panax japonicus (3). Saponins of the specimens collected in Miyazaki prefecture. Nat. Prod. Commun. 7, 491-493.
  • Yoshizaki, K., Murakami, M., Fujino, H., Yoshida, N., Yahara, S., 2012. New triterpenoid saponins from fruit specimens of Panax japonicus collected in Toyama prefecture and Hokkaido. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 60, 728-735.
  • Yun, T.K., Lee, Y.S., Lee, Y.H., Kim, S.I., Yun, H.Y., 2001. Anticarcinogenic effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and identification of active compounds. J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 (Suppl), S6-S18.
  • Zhang, S.L., Chen, Y.J., Cui, C.B., He, G.X., Xu, S.X., Pei, Y.P., Yao, X.S., Zhu, T.R., 1989. A new minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Acta Pharm. Sin. 24, 877-879.
  • Zhang, H.J., Lu, Z.Z., Tan, G.T., Qiu, S.X., Farnsworth, N.R., Pezzuto, J.M., Fong, H.H.S., 2002. Polyacetyleneginsenoside-Ro, a novel triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng. Tetrahedron Lett. 43, 973-977.
  • Zhao, P., Liu, Y.Q., Yang, C.R., 1996. Minor dammarane saponins from Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry 41, 1419-1422.
  • Zhao, H., Shi, L., Gao, J.Q., Li, W., Wen, X., Zhao, Y.Q., 2010. A new triterpene saponin from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer var major (Burk.) C.Y. Wu et K.M. Feng. Chin. Chem. Lett. 21, 1216-1218.
  • Zhao, J.M., Li, N., Zhang, H., Wu, C.F., Piao, H.R., Zhao, Y.Q., 2011. Novel dammarane-type saponins from Panax ginseng berry and their biological activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21, 1027-1031.
  • Zhou, J., Wu, M.Z., Taniyasu, S., Besso, H., Tanaka, O., Saruwatari, Y., Fuwa, T., 1981. Dammarane-saponins of Sanchi-ginseng, roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae). Structures of new saponins notoginsenoside R1 and notoginsenoside R2, and identification of ginsenosides Rg2 and ginsenoside Rh1. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 29, 2844-2850.
  • Zhou, M., Xu, M., Wang, D., Zhu, H.T., Yang, C.R., Zhang, Y.J., 2011. New dammarane-type saponins from the rhizomes of Panax japonicus. Helv. Chim. Acta 94, 2010- 2019.
  • Zhu, G.Y., Li, Y.W., Hau, D.K.P., Jiang, Z.H., Yu, Z.L., Fong, W.F., 2011a. Protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides from the root of Panax ginseng. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 200-205.
  • Zhu, G.Y., Li, Y.W., Hau, D.K.P., Jiang, Z.H., Yu, Z.L., Fong, W.F., 2011b. Acylated protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides from the root of Panax ginseng. Chem. Biodivers. 8, 1853-1863.
  • Zou, K., Zhu, S., Meselhy, R., Tohda, C., Cai, S.Q., Komatsu, K., 2002a. Dammarane-type saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK- N-SH cells. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 1288-1292.
  • Zou, K., Zhu, S., Tohda, C., Cai, S.Q., Komatsu, K., 2002b. Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Panax japonicus. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 346-351.