Published January 2, 2024 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease with Immunodeficiency (VODI): A Case Report and Review of Literature

  • 1. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye.

Description

Abstract

Hepatic veno occlusive disease with immunodeficiency syndrome (VODI) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency associated with hepatic vascular occlusion and fibrosis. The immunodeficiency is characterized by severe hypogammaglobulinemia, combined T and B cell immunodeficiency, absent lymph node germinal centers, and absence of tissue plasma cells. VODI was first described in 1976 in an Australian Lebanese population. In our patient who came to the emergency department with septic shock, all immunoglobulins were too low to count. In the blood analysis of the patient, it was observed that there was no antibody response. Lymphocyte subgroups were almost normal. According to the whole exome sequence (WES) analysis, it was observed that he had a VODI gene defect. There was an increase in intermittent liver function tests and ursodeoxycholic-acid (UDCA) was started. However, hepatic fibrosis has not yet been detected by radiological methods. During the follow-up of our patient, there was serious weight loss due to chronic (prolonged) norovirus infection. The patient is preparing for a bone marrow transplant. The VODI gene defect should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with sepsis, invasive infection, and hypogammaglobulinemia, especially in the early stages of life. With early detection of the disease, patients are monitored regularly with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prophylactic treatments. In this way, patients can be caught before hepatic fibrosis develops and the development of irreversible damage can be prevented, such as failure of the liver.

Özet

İmmün yetmezlik sendromlu hepatik veno oklüziv hastalık (VODI), hepatik vasküler oklüzyon ve fibrozis ile ilişkili otozomal resesif bir primer immün yetmezliktir. İmmün yetmezlik durumu şiddetli hipogamaglobulinemi, kombine T ve B hücre immün yetmezliği, lenf nodlarında germinal merkez yokluğu ve doku plazma hücrelerinin bulunmaması gibi sendromik özellikler ile karakterizedir. VODI ilk kez 1976 yılında Avustralya'daki Lübnanlı bir ailede keşfedildi. Acil servise septik şokla gelen hastamızda tüm immünglobülinler ölçülemeyecek kadar düşüktü. Hastanın kan analizinde antikor yanıtının olmadığı görüldü. Lenfosit alt grupları neredeyse normaldi. Tüm ekzom dizi (whole exome sequence, WES) analizine göre VODI geninde bozukluk olduğu görüldü. Aralıklı karaciğer fonksiyon testlerinde artış oldu ve ursodeoksikolik asit (UDCA) başlandı. Ancak hepatik fibrozis radyolojik yöntemlerle henüz tespit edilmedi. Hastamızın takibinde kronik (uzamış) norovirus enfeksiyonuna bağlı ciddi kilo kaybı mevcuttu. Hastamız kemik iliği nakline hazırlanıyor. Özellikle yaşamın erken evrelerinde invazif enfeksiyonu veya sepsisi olan hastalarda hipogamaglobulinemi tespit edilirse ayırıcı tanıda VODI gen defekti de akla gelmelidir. Hastalığın erken tespiti ile hastalar düzenli olarak ve intravenöz immünoglobulin (IVIG) profilaktik tedavileri ile takip edilmektedir. Bu sayede hastalar hepatik fibrozis gelişmeden yakalanabilir ve karaciğer yetmezliği gibi geri dönüşü olmayan hasarların gelişmesi önlenebilir.

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References

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