Men Tackling Isolating Gender Violence to Fight against Sexual Harassment
Creators
Description
Scientific literature has shown that both suffering gender-based violence and taking a stand against it could provoke severe retaliation from bystanders, including negative consequences on health. Together with some women, several men—defined as New Alternative Masculinities—have also contributed to fighting against sexual violence in several contexts, also suffering dramatic consequences, known as Isolating Gender Violence (IGV). This article fills the gap on inquiring how men suffering IGV due to intervening in supporting survivors has affected the men's health. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with men from different contexts and countries and men of different social profiles. The findings reveal how men's health is better protected when they build networks of support while overcoming the fear of retaliation in achieving to empower direct survivors. In addition, the results recognize men as crucial actors in the struggle against GBV and overcoming IGV, as women potentially do. This may inspire other men to intervene and break the silence regarding GBV in societies and institutions, as it shows that men and women together are needed to fight against GBV.
Files
ijerph-19-01924-v2.pdf
Files
(342.6 kB)
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:75af7fb6f4e8a846a6a6822b86f4d707
|
342.6 kB | Preview Download |
Additional details
Identifiers
Related works
- Is supplemented by
- Journal article: 10.17583/generos.2021.8622 (DOI)
Funding
Dates
- Accepted
-
2022-02-03
References
- Flecha, R. Second-order sexual harassment: Violence against the silence breakers who support the victims. Violence Against Women 2021, 27, 1980–1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Vidu, A.; Puigvert, L.; Flecha, R.; de Aguileta, G.L. The concept and the name of isolating gender violence. GENEROS 2021, 10, 176–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Binder, R.; Garcia, P.; Johnson, B.; Fuentes-Afflick, E. Sexual Harassment in Medical Schools: The Challenge of Covert Retaliation as a Barrier to Reporting. Acad. Med. 2018, 93, 1770–1773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version] Moschella, E.A.; Bennett, S.; Banyard, V.L. Beyond the Situational Model: Bystander Action Consequences to Intervening in Situations Involving Sexual Violence. J. Interpers. Violence 2018, 33, 3211–3231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Banyard, V.L.; Moynihan, M.M.; Plante, E.G. Sexual Violence Prevention through Bystander Education: An Experimental Evaluation. J. Community Psychol. 2007, 35, 463–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Melgar, P.; Geis-Carreras, G.; Flecha, R.; Soler, M. Fear to retaliation: The most frequent reason for not helping victims of gender violence. Int. Multidiscip. J. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 33–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Van Cleemput, K.; Vandebosch, H.; Pabian, S. Personal characteristics and contextual factors that determine "helping", "joining in", and "doing nothing" when witnessing cyberbullying. Aggress. Behav. 2014, 40, 383–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Mulvey, K.L.; Palmer, S.B.; Abrams, D. Race-based humor and peer group dynamics in adolescence: Bystander intervention and social exclusion. Child Dev. 2016, 87, 1379–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version] Báez-León, C.; Moreno-Jiménez, B.; Aguirre-Camacho, A.; Olmos, R. Factors influencing intention to help and helping behaviour in witnesses of bullying in nursing settings. Nurs. Inq. 2016, 23, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Galdi, S.; Maass, A.; Cadinu, M. Defending the Victim of Sexual Harassment. Psychol. Women Q. 2017, 41, 338–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Lucero, J.L.; Roark, J.; Patton, A. Neighborhood bystander intervention in intimate partner abuse: The role of social cohesion. J. Community Psychol. 2019, 47, 641–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version] Prado, K.; Rivera-Heredia, M.E.; McCurdy, S. Exposure to workplace harassment among women and men farmworkers in the U.S. and Mexico. J. Agric. Saf. Health 2021, 27, 229–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Midgett, A.; Doumas, D.M. Witnessing Bullying at School: The Association Between Being a Bystander and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. Sch. Ment. Health 2019, 11, 454–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Coker, A.; Bush, H.M.; Fisher, B.; Swan, S.C.; Williams, C.M.; Clear, M.R.; DeGue, S. Multi-college bystander intervention. evaluation for violence prevention. Am. J. Prevent. Med. 2016, 50, 295–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version] Krauss, A.; Jouriles, E.N.; Yule, K.; Grych, J.H.; Sargent, K.S.; Banyard, V.L. Adverse Consequences to Assisting Victims of Campus Violence: Initial Investigations Among College Students. J. Interpers. Violence 2021, 36, NP1607–NP1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version] Gómez, A.; Puigvert, L.; Flecha, R. Critical communicative methodology: Informing real social transformation through research. Qual. Inq. 2011, 17, 235–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Soler-Gallart, M. Achieving Social Impact: Sociology in the Public Sphere; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar] Redondo-Sama, G.; Díez-Palomar, J.; Campdepadrós, R.; Morlà-Folch, T. Communicative methodology: Contributions to social impact assessment in psychological research. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version] Davidov, D.M.; Hill, K.; Bush, H.M.; Coker, A.L. The Green Light for Green Dot: A Qualitative Study of Factors Influencing Adoption of an Efficacious Violence Prevention Program in High School Settings. Violence Against Women 2019, 26, 1701–1726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Rodríguez-Oramas, A.; Alvarez, P.; Ramis-Salas, M.; Ruiz-Eugenio, L. The Impact of Evidence-Based Dialogic Training of Special Education Teachers on the Creation of More Inclusive and Interactive Learning Environments. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 641426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Rodríguez-Navarro, H.; Ríos, O.; Racionero, S.; Macías, F. New methodological Insights into Communicative Acts that Promote New Alternative Masculinities. Qual. Inq. 2014, 20, 870–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Aubert, A.; Flecha, R. Health and Well-Being Consequences for Gender Violence Survivors from Isolating Gender Violence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Leone, R.M.; Parrott, D.J.; Swartout, K.M.; Tharp, A.T. Masculinity and bystander attitudes: Moderating effects of masculine gender role stress 2016. Psychol. Violence 2016, 6, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Flecha, R.; Puigvert, L.; Rios, O. The new alternative masculinities and the overcoming of gender violence. Int. Multidiscip. J. Soc. Sci. 2013, 2, 88–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Joanpere-Foraster, M.; Morlà, T. New alternative masculinities, the struggle within and for the feminism in higher education. Masc. Soc. Chang. 2019, 8, 44–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Hoxmeier, J.; Carlson, J.; Casey, E.; Willey-Sthapit, C. Men's participation in anti-violence activism: Frequency and relationships with demographic characteristics and history of sexual harassment perpetration. J. Aggress. Confl. Peace Res. 2021. ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Chvatík, V.; Hardwicke, J.; Anderson, E. Inclusive masculinity and Czechia youth. Int. Sociol. 2021, 37, 124–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Exner-Cortens, D.; Wright, A.; Claussen, C.; Truscott, E. A Systematic Review of Adolescent Masculinities and Associations with Internalizing Behavior Problems and Social Support. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2021, 68, 215–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] American Psychological Association, Boys and Men Guidelines Group. APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men. 2018. Available online: http://www.apa.org/about/policy/psychological-practice-boys-men-guidelines.pdf (accessed on 22 January 2021).