A Mini-Review on Celiac Disease and Gluten-Free Diet's Influence on Gut Microbiota

Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the small intestine, primarily managed through a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). Despite the diet's role in symptom mitigation, a comprehensive restoration of gut microbiota remains elusive. This mini-review synthesizes current research on the influence of a GFD and gluten consumption on gut microbiota in CD patients. Studies indicate that CD patients exhibit a gut microbiota distinct from healthy individuals, marked by a reduction in beneficial bacteria and increased presence of potentially pathogenic species. While a GFD can partially restore microbiota balance, it often fails to achieve complete normalization. We also explore the potential role of probiotics as adjunctive therapy in CD management. Emerging evidence suggests that specific probiotic strains can improve microbiome imbalances, offering a targeted approach to treatment. Given the complex relationship between diet, microbiota, and autoimmune disorders, future research should focus on longitudinal studies and personalized medicine for a more holistic approach to managing CD.