Prevalence of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Hepatitis A Virus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Somalia
- 1. Research Department, National Institute of Health, Mogadishu, Somalia.
- 2. Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Mogadishu Somalia-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Mogadishu, Somalia.
- 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Samsun University Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Türkiye.
- 4. Department of Internal Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Adana, Türkiye.
Description
Abstract
Rotavirus, one of the viral infectious agents that is transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route and spreads easily in regions with poor sanitation conditions, is the most common causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age worldwide, and enteric adenoviruses are other frequently encountered causative agents of gastroenteritis in childhood. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is also transmitted in similar routes and is endemic in regions with poor sanitation conditions and limited access to clean water and is usually acquired in early childhood in these regions. In this study conducted in Mogadishu Somalia, rotavirus and adenovirus antigen test (immunochromatographic rapid test) results in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the 9-month period between February 2019 and October 2019 and ELISA based HAV antibody test results studied in 2018-2019 were retrospectively examined and it was aimed to determine the distribution of positivity rates of these viruses by age, gender, and year. During the study period, 1136 patients (mean age 6.33±12.36) were tested for rotavirus and adenovirus antigens, and 362 patients (mean age 21.26±18.45) were tested for anti-HAV IgM/IgG antibodies. The positivity rates of rotavirus and adenovirus were found as 17.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The positivity rates of anti-HAV IgM and IgG antibodies were 26.5% and 85.4%. The age group with the highest rotavirus test positivity was babies under one year old (27.3%), positivity rate was also high in children aged 1-2 years old (20.9%), and this distribution was similar for adenovirus. Although a small number of patients were tested in under five years of age, anti-HAV IgG seropositivity was 60% and above in all age groups. The highest anti-HAV IgM positivity rates were observed in children 2-<5 and 5-15 years of age, 52.9% and 44% respectively. Rotavirus antigen positivity was found at high levels in the three-month period covering June, July, and August 2019. In July (2019), it was observed that the number of rotavirus and adenovirus antigen test requests were increased, and also, at the same time the highest positivity rates for both viruses were observed; 31.2% and 9.5% for rotavirus and adenovirus. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus co-infection was detected in 2.4% (27/1136) of the patients, and 23 (85.2%) of these were under five years of age children. Our study results show that children under the age of two are especially affected by rotavirus and adenovirus infections in Somalia and indicate that HAV infections are acquired at an early childhood. We can say that it may be useful to review vaccination programs as an important public health measure to reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity associated with HAV and rotavirus, which have a high prevalence and also have protective vaccines.
Özet
Başlıca fekal-oral yolla bulaşan ve sanitasyon koşularının zayıf olduğu bölgelerde kolay yayılan viral enfeksiyon etkenlerinden rotavirus dünya genelinde beş yaş altı çocuklarda en sık görülen akut gastroenterit etkeni iken, enterik adenoviruslar çocukluk çağında sık karşılaşılan diğer gastroenterit etkenlerindendir. Hepatit A virusu (HAV) da benzer yollarla bulaşır ve sanitasyonun yetersiz olduğu ve temiz suya erişimin kısıtlı olduğu bölgelerde endemiktir ve bu bölgelerde genellikle erken çocukluk çağında edinilir. Mogadişu Somali'de yürütülen bu çalışmada, Şubat 2019 - Ekim 2019 tarihleri arasındaki 9 aylık dönemde bir üçüncü basamak hastaneye başvuran kişilerde rotavirus ve adenovirus antijen test (immünokromatografik hızlı test) sonuçları ve 2018-2019 yıllarında çalışılan ELISA temelli HAV antikor test sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelenmiş ve bu virüsler için pozitiflik oranlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve yıl içerisindeki dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma döneminde 1136 hasta (yaş ortalaması 6.33±12.36) rotavirus ve adenovirus antijenleri için, 362 hasta (yaş ortalaması 21.26±18.45) ise anti-HAV IgM/IgG antikorları için test edilmişti. Rotavirus ve adenovirus için pozitiflik oranları sırasıyla %17.8 ve %5.1 olarak bulundu. Anti-HAV IgM ve IgG antikorları için pozitiflik oranları ise %26.5 ve %85.4 idi. Rotavirus test pozitifliğinin en yüksek olduğu yaş grubu bir yaş altı bebeklerdi (%27.3), pozitiflik oranı 1-2 yaş arası çocuklarda da yüksekti (%20.9), bu dağılım adenovirus için de benzerdi. Anti-HAV IgG için beş yaş altı çocuklarda az sayıda hasta test edilmiş olmakla beraber, seropozitiflik oranı tüm yaş gruplarında %60 ve üzerinde idi. En yüksek anti-HAV IgM pozitiflik oranları ise 2-<5 yaş ve 5-15 yaş grubu çocuklarda görüldü, sırasıyla %52.9 ve %44. Rotavirus antijen pozitifliği 2019 yılı haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarını kapsayan üç aylık dönemde yüksek seviyelerde idi. Temmuz (2019) ayında rotavirus ve adenovirus antijen test istemlerinin sayısı artarken, aynı zamanda her iki virüs için de en yüksek pozitiflik oranları gözlemlendi, rotavirus ve adenovirus için sırasıyla %31.2 ve %9.5. Antijen testi çalışılan hastaların %2.4'ünde (27/1136) rotavirus ve enterik adenovirus ko-enfeksiyonu varlığı tespit edildi ve bu hastalardan 23'ü (%85.2) beş yaşından küçük çocuklardı. Çalışma sonuçlarımız Somali'de rotavirus ve adenovirus enfeksiyonlarından özellikle iki yaş altı çocukların etkilendiğini göstermekte, HAV enfeksiyonlarının ise erken yaşlarda edinildiğine işaret etmektedir. Yüksek prevalansa sahip olan, bununla beraber koruyucu aşıları bulunan HAV ve rotavirus ilişkili mortalite ve morbidite yükünün azaltılması için önemli bir halk sağlığı önlemi olarak aşılama programlarının gözden geçirilmesinin yararlı olabileceğini söyleyebiliriz.
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