ENDOCRINE CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING SURGERY

Surgical interventions elicit an endocrine reaction that leads to the mobilization of substrates, thereby inducing a shift in metabolism toward catabolism. The observed metabolic modification is distinguished by the presence of a deleterious nitrogen imbalance and the consequential accumulation of sodium and water within the body. The magnitude of this physiological response exhibits a positive linear relationship with the severity of the surgical trauma. The magnitude of this physiological response exhibits a positive linear relationship with the severity of the surgical trauma. Intra-abdominal procedures have been observed to elicit a significantly heightened physiological response compared to body surface surgery. Similarly, cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass has been found to induce substantial alterations in hormonal and biochemical profiles. The existing body of literature pertaining to the endocrine and metabolic effects of surgical procedures is extensive and frequently characterized by contradictory findings and conclusions. The primary objective of this concise article isn't to offer an exhaustive examination of the topic, but rather to furnish the essential contextual knowledge that will facilitate the comprehension and analysis of the findings presented in more comprehensive investigations.