Published April 8, 2023 | Version v1
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Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Investigation of CMV Reactivation as a Risk Factor

  • 1. Tissue Typing Laboratory, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • 2. Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.

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Özet

Hem immünsüpressif ilaç kullanımı hem de immün sistem hücrelerinin işlevsel ve sayısal bozuklukları ile karakterize olan hematolojik maligniteli hastalarda insan sitomegalovirus (CMV) gibi latent virüslerin reaktivasyonu ve ayrıca bakteriyel ve fungal etkenlerle ilişkili fırsatçı enfeksiyonlar ciddi klinik sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hematolojik malignitesi olan erişkin hastalarda CMV reaktivasyonu ve eş zamanlı ortaya çıkan çeşitli enfeksiyonların görülme sıklığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kasım 2016 ve Şubat 2022 tarihleri arasında tıbbi mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarında çalışılan tüm CMV-DNA test sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelendi ve hematolojik maligniteli 270 erişkin hastayı kapsayan çalışma grubu oluşturuldu. Bu hastaların CMV-DNA izlem sonuçları ve klinik değerlendirmeleri incelenerek CMV reaktivasyonu gelişen olgular belirlendi. Son aşamada ise CMV reaktivasyonu ile hasta örneklerinin mikrobiyolojik incelemeleri ve radyolojik ve klinik değerlendirmeler ile tanımlanan diğer enfeksiyonların görülme sıklığı arasındaki olası ilişki araştırıldı. Çalışma grubunu oluşturan hematolojik maligniteli 270 erişkin hastanın 175'i (%64.8) erkek ve 95'i (%35.2) kadın idi ve hastaların yaş ortalaması 50.98 (±17.6) olarak bulundu. Hastaların %35.9'unda (97/270) izlem sürecinde CMV reaktivasyonu geliştiği belirlendi. Hastaların 99'unda 139 bakteriyel etken, 58'inde 63 viral etken ve 50'sinde 56 fungal etken varlığı saptandı. Bakteriyel enfeksiyonların sistemlere göre dağılımı; 108 bakteriyemi (en sık saptanan etken Escherichia coli; n=31, %28.7), 21 üriner sistem enfeksiyonu (en sık saptanan etken E. coli; n=13, %61.9) ve 10'u diğer bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar şeklinde idi. Fungal enfeksiyonların sistemlere göre dağılımı; 36 solunum yolu enfeksiyonu (en sık Aspergillus spp.; n=23, %63.9), 6 fungemi (tümü Candida spp.), 14'ü diğer fungal enfeksiyonlar (Candida spp.; n=11 ve mukormikoz n=3) şeklinde idi. Viral enfeksiyonlar sıklık sırasına göre 30 hastada hepatit B (anti-HBc IgG seropozitifliği), 14 hastada COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019), 11 hastada herpes simpleks virus, dört hastada herpes zoster, üç hastada BK virus ve bir hastada parvovirus B19 şeklinde idi. CMV reaktivasyon oranları; fungal pnömoni, CMV dışı viral reaktivasyon ve bakteriyel kan dolaşımı enfeksiyonu varlığı saptanan hastalarda anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu, sırasıyla p=0.046, p=0.003 ve p=0.038. Literatürde hematolojik maligniteli hastalarda CMV reaktivasyonu, reaktivasyonla ilişkili risk faktörleri ve CMV reaktivasyonunun olumsuz klinik sonuçları çok farklı yönleri ile araştırılmış olmakla beraber, CMV'nin immün sitem üzerine oluşturduğu ek baskılar ve doğuştan ve adaptif immün yanıtlar üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ile diğer enfeksiyonların gelişimine olası katkıları henüz detaylı olarak incelenmemiştir. CMV reaktivasyonunun fırsatçı enfeksiyonların gelişimi üzerine olası etkilerinin kapsamlı prospektif çalışmalarla belirlenmesinin, CMV enfeksiyonlarının yönetiminde antimikrobiyal tedavi stratejilerini değiştirebileceğini düşünüyoruz.

Abstract

Reactivation of latent viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as opportunistic infections associated with bacterial and fungal agents, cause serious clinical consequences in patients with hematological malignancies, which are characterized by both immunosuppressive drug use and functional and numerical disorders of immune system cells. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the association between CMV reactivation and the frequency of various simultaneous infections in adult patients with hematological malignancies. All CMV-DNA test results reported in the medical microbiology laboratory between November 2016 and February 2022 were retrospectively reviewed and the study group consisting of 270 adult patients with hematological malignancies was created. CMV-DNA follow-up results and clinical evaluations of these patients were examined and cases with CMV reactivation were determined. In the final stage, the possible association between CMV reactivation and the frequency of other infections identified by microbiological examination of patients' samples and radiological and clinical evaluations was investigated. Of 270 adult patients with hematological malignancies in the study group, 175 (64.8%) were male and 95 (35.2%) were female, and the mean age of the patients was 50.98 (±17.6). It was determined that 35.9% (97/270) of the patients had CMV reactivation during the follow-up period. The presence of 139 bacterial agents in 99 patients, 63 viral agents in 58 patients, and 56 fungal agents in 50 patients were determined. Bacterial infections were as follows according to the systems; 108 bacteremia (most frequently detected agent Escherichia coli; n=31, 28.7%), 21 urinary tract infections (most common cause E. coli; n=13, 61.9%), and 10 other bacterial infections. Fungal infections were as follows according to the systems; 36 respiratory tract infections (most common Aspergillus spp.; n=23, 63.9%), 6 fungemia (all Candida spp.), 14 other fungal infections (Candida spp.; n=11, and mucormycosis; n= 3). Viral infections were as follows, in order of frequency; hepatitis B (anti-HBc IgG seropositivity in 30 patients), COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) in 14 patients, herpes simplex virus in 11 patients, herpes zoster in four patients, BK virus in three patients, and parvovirus B19 in one patient. CMV reactivation rates were found to be significantly higher in patients with fungal pneumonia, non-CMV viral reactivation, and bacterial bloodstream infection, p=0.046, p=0.003, and p=0.038, respectively. In the literature, CMV reactivation, risk factors associated with reactivation, and adverse clinical outcomes of CMV reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies have been investigated from many different aspects. However, additional pressures of CMV on the immune system and its negative effects on innate and adaptive immune responses and possible contributions of this situation to the development of other infections have not yet been studied in detail. We think that determining the possible effects of CMV reactivation on the development of opportunistic infections by comprehensive prospective studies may change antimicrobial therapy strategies in the management of CMV infections.

Notes

Hematolojik Maligniteli Hastalarda Bakteriyel, Fungal ve Viral Enfeksiyonlar: Bir Risk Faktörü olarak CMV Reaktivasyonunun İncelenmesi

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