Radiological Imaging Results in HIV-Infected Patients in Mogadishu-Somalia: A Four-Year Retrospective Review
Creators
- 1. Department of Radiology, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
- 2. Department of Radiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.
- 3. Department of Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.
- 4. Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Mogadishu Somalia-Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia.
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Mogadishu Somalia-Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia.
- 6. Department of Pulmonology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
Description
Abstract
Somalia, which is one of the countries that has been trying to integrate with the rest of the world in terms of many socio-economic parameters, including the field of health in recent years, still faces some important health problems. One of these problems is the difficulties encountered in the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, primarily due to social discrimination and limited treatment access. In this study, it was aimed to examine the findings detected in the radiological imaging examinations requested during the first examination in patients who were diagnosed with HIV for the first time by detecting HIV seropositivity in tests performed for different clinical reasons, and to determine the pathologies caused by advanced disease in patients who did not receive treatment. The study includes 235 patients who were diagnosed for the first time out of 269 patients with HIV confirmed by two different serological diagnostic tests during a previous comprehensive seroepidemiological study, and 14 patients with a suspicious test result for HIV infection but the presence of infection cannot be definitively proven in the absence of molecular diagnostic methods. In retrospective examinations, it was determined that 117 (49.8%) and 13 (92.9%) patients in both groups had radiological imaging (magnetic resonance imaging-MRI, computed tomography-CT, ultrasonography, and chest X-ray), respectively. While 16 of 117 HIV-infected patients had non-specific radiological findings and 53 had normal radiological findings, at least one radiological imaging of 48 patients revealed abnormal radiological imaging findings that may be associated with HIV infection. In these 48 patients, pneumonia findings in thorax CT and chest X-ray examinations, and encephalitis-related findings in patients with central nervous system involvement were the most common anomalies. In addition of these, other abnormal radiological findings included mass lesions compatible with neoplasia, lesions compatible with metastasis, lymphadenopathies, hepatosplenomegaly, and lesions indicating spleen involvement. The presence of similar findings (lesions compatible with pneumonia, encephalitis, and neoplasia) in 9 of 13 patients whose HIV infection could not be confirmed indicates that radiological tests can make significant contributions to clinical evaluations in the management of patients with suspicious laboratory results. The data we present from a region where significant obstacles are encountered in the diagnosis and follow-up of HIV infections due to the fear of discrimination (stigma) of the patients and the lack of molecular tests draw attention to the fact that many patients have advanced lesions when they are diagnosed, and this situation will have negative effects in the patient management and treatment process.
Özet
Son yıllarda sağlık alanı da dahil olmak üzere birçok sosyoekonomik parametre yönünden dünyanın geri kalanıyla entegre olmaya çalışan ülkelerden biri olan Somali halen bazı önemli sağlık sorunlarıyla yüz yüzedir. Bu sorunlardan biri de başta toplumsal dışlanma ve tedavi erişim kısıtladıkları gibi nedenler ile insan immün yetmezlik virüsü (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) enfeksiyonlu hastaların erken tanı ve tedavisinde karşılaşılan güçlüklerdir. Bu çalışmada farklı klinik gerekçelerle yapılan testlerinde HIV seropozitifliği saptanarak ilk kez HIV enfeksiyonu tanısı alan hastalarda, ilk muayeneleri sırasında istenilen radyolojik görüntüleme tetkiklerinde saptanan bulguların incelenmesi ve tedavi almayan hastalarda ilerlemiş hastalığın neden olduğu patolojilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma daha önce yapılan kapsamlı bir seroepidemiyolojik çalışma sırasında iki farklı serolojik tanı testi ile doğrulanmış HIV tanısı alan 269 hastadan ilk kez tanı alan 235 hastayı ve HIV enfeksiyonu için şüpheli test sonucu olan ancak moleküler tanı yöntemlerinin yokluğunda enfeksiyon varlığı kesin olarak kanıtlanamayan 14 hastayı içermektedir. Retrospektif incelemelerde her iki grupta yer alan hastaların sırasıyla 117'si (%49.8) ve 13'ünün (%92.9) radyolojik görüntülemelerinin (manyetik rezonans görüntüleme-MRG, bilgisayarlı tomografi-BT, ultrasonografi ve göğüs grafisi) olduğu belirlendi. HIV enfeksiyonlu 117 hastanın 16'sında non-spesifik radyolojik bulgular ve 53'ünde normal radyolojik bulgular saptanırken, 48 hastanın en az bir radyolojik görüntülemesinde HIV enfeksiyonu ile ilişkili olabilecek anormal radyolojik görüntüleme bulguları saptandı. Bu 48 hastada toraks BT ve göğüs X-ray incelemelerinde pnömoni bulgularının, santral sinir sistemi tutulumu olan hastalarda ise ensefalit ile ilişkili bulguların en sık görülen anomaliler olduğu belirlendi. Bunların dışında diğer anormal radyolojik bulgular olarak neoplazi ile uyumlu kitle lezyonları, metastaz ile uyumlu lezyonlar, lenfadenopatiler, hepatosplenomegali ve dalak tutulumuna işaret eden lezyonlar saptandı. HIV enfeksiyonu doğrulaması yapılamayan 13 hastanın 9'unda da benzer bulguların olması (pnömoni, ensefalit ve neoplazi ile uyumlu lezyonlar), şüpheli laboratuvar sonuçları olan hastaların yönetiminde radyolojik testlerin klinik değerlendirmelere önemli katkılar sunabileceğini göstermektedir. Hastaların dışlanma korkusu ve moleküler testlerin eksikliği nedeniyle HIV enfeksiyonlarının tanı ve takibinde önemli engellerle karşılaşılan bir bölgeden sunduğumuz verilerin birçok hastanın tanı aldığında ilerlemiş lezyonlara sahip olduğunu ve bu durumun hasta yönetiminde ve tedavi sürecinde olumsuz etkilere neden olacağına dikkat çekmektedir.
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