Published October 1, 2006
| Version v1
Journal article
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The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: The true story reconstructed from the original documents
Description
Background
Little is known about the origin of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The most commonly
repeated statement in the medical literature is that MDMA was synthesized by the German pharmaceutical
company Merck in 1912 in order to develop an appetite suppressor.
Aim
To reconstruct the true story of the first
known description of MDMA at Merck using the original documents.
Methods
A systematic analysis of the original
documents in Merck's historical archive in Darmstadt, Germany, was conducted (years 1900–60).
Results
There
were no indications for plans to develop an appetite suppressant at Merck between 1900 and 1960. Although MDMA
was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant
precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances. The new pathway was patented in order to evade an
existing patent by a local competitor. MDMA was called 'Methylsafrylamin' in 1912. In 1927 and 1959, the pharmacological
effects of MDMA were studied at Merck, but not in humans.
Discussion
A systematic analysis of the original
documents in the company's archive revealed that uncritical copy-paste procedures may have contributed to the
famous myth that MDMA was patented as an appetite suppressor in 1912.
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