Research and Development Expenditure at World Level

The World Bank calculates gross R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP. The data takes into account both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Enterprise, Government, Higher Education and Private Non-Profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. Let's consider the period between 2010 and 2020. Only countries with complete historical series have been considered to avoid the problem of dealing with missing values during clustering with the k-Means algorithm.