Development and Dosage Determination of the "Muguga Cocktail Vaccine": An "Infection and Treatment Method" (ITM) for Managing East Coast Fever in Cattle in Pakistan

“Theileria parva” (TP), an “apicomplexan
parasite” that causes “East Coast Fever” (ECF) in cattle,
in Pakistan. East coast fever (ECF) is a disease spread by
ticks that is thought to cause at least $300 million in
annual economic losses. The production procedure &
other facets of the vaccine have not been sufficiently
standardised, despite the fact that it is the only
commercially available vaccination for this lethal cattle
illness. Notably, the “Pakistan Veterinary Research
Institute (PVRI)” produced its most recent production
batch at the beginning of 2022. A pathogen-free tick
colony and parasite-free cattle are used in the
manufacturing of this vaccine, and both are closely
watched during the entire procedure. This article
describes the procedure used in the most current Infection
and Treatment Method (ITM) vaccine production and
introduces process improvements that are not present in
earlier production versions. These upgrades include
improved quality control measures. The report also
describes how a three-phase in-vivo investigation with
different vaccine stability dilutions are used to establish
the ideal field dose. After post-production evaluations
verified the vaccine's viability and safety, it is decided that
a field dosage of one millilitre (ml) at a 1:100 weakening
would be appropriate.