Published March 5, 2023 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Herbal Medicine Practice in Kenya: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Way Forward

  • 1. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • 2. Department of Pharmacy, Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.

Description

Numerous limitations encountered with mainstream Western Medicine, including exorbitant costs, side effects, ineffectiveness and unavailability continue to endear many to alternative herbal therapies. The World Health Organization recognizes the rampant use of herbal medicine, stating that over 80% of the global population uses this form of therapy either alone or alongside conventional therapies. In Kenya, herbal medicine is popular, and, in this review, we share a situational analysis of the industry, taking note of the opportunities and challenges that it offers. Importantly, we provide, in our opinion, easy to implement and financially friendly approaches towards improving the safety and appeal of herbal medicine practice in the country. We anticipate that the Kenyan scenario is replicated elsewhere across the continent and that, therefore, these insights may be similarly applicable.

Files

(6)_AFJPS202323101141KE_(p.61-72).pdf

Files (172.5 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:fe167712e8ecece7c6a1b9869f56e03d
172.5 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • Abdullahi, A. (2011). Trends and Challenges of Traditional Medicine in Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5S), 115-123, https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.5.
  • Abuga, K.O. (2021). Adulteration of Herbal Preparations. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 24(1), 1-2.
  • Adefa, T. and Tefera, M. (2020). Heavy Metal Accumulation and Health Risk Assessment in Moringa Oleifera from Awi Zone, Ethiopia. Chemistry Africa, 3(4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020-00181-0.
  • Amiri, M.S. and Joharchi, M.R. (2013). Ethnobotanical Investigation of Traditional Medicinal Plants Commercialized in the Markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 3(3), 254-71.
  • Awodele, O., Agbaje, E.O., Abiola, O.O., Awodele, D.F. and Dolapo, D.C. (2012). Doctors' Attitudes Towards the Use of Herbal Medicine in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2(1), https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hermed.2012.02.002
  • Bareetseng, S. (2022). The Worldwide Herbal Market: Trends and Opportunities. Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences, 3(5), 575-584, https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1482.
  • Boateng, M.A., Danso-Appiah, A., Turkson, B.K. and Tersbøl, B.P. (2016). Integrating Biomedical and Herbal Medicine in Ghana - Experiences from the Kumasi South Hospital: A Qualitative Study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1163-4.
  • Caesar, L.K. and Cech, N.B. (2019). Synergy and Antagonism in Natural Product Extracts: When 1 + 1 Does not Equal 2. Natural Product Reports, 36(6), https://doi.org/10.1039/c9np00011a.
  • Chebii, W.K., Muthee, J.K. and Kiemo, K. (2020). The Governance Of Traditional Medicine And Herbal Remedies in the Selected Local Markets of Western Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16(1), https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00389-x.
  • Chege, I.N., Okalebo, F.A., Guantai, A.N., Karanja, S. and Derese, S. (2015). Herbal Product Processing Practices of Traditional Medicine Practitioners in Kenya-Key Informant Interviews. Journal of Health Journal, 16.
  • Chen, Y.G., He, X.L.S., Huang, J.H., Luo, R., Ge, H.Z., Wolowicz, A., Wawrzkiewicz, M., Gladysz-Plaska, A., Li, B., Yu, Q.X., Kolodyñska, D., Lv, G.Y. and Chen, S.H. (2021). Impacts of Heavy Metals and Medicinal Crops on Ecological Systems, Environmental Pollution, Cultivation, And Production Processes in China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112336.
  • Darkwah, S., Agbettor, D., Codjoe, F. and Donkor, E.S. (2022). Microbial Contamination of Herbal Preparations on the Ghanaian Market, Accra. Microbiology Insights, 15:11786361221139602. doi:10.1177/ 11786361221139602.
  • Fratkin, E. (1996). Traditional Medicine and Concepts of Healing Among Samburu Pastoralists of Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology, 16(1), 63-97.
  • Ichim, M.C. and Booker, A. (2021). Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.666850.
  • Ichim, M.C., Häser, A. and Nick, P. (2020). Microscopic Authentication of Commercial Herbal Products in the Globalized Market: Potential and Limitations. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/ fphar.2020.00876.
  • James, P.B., Wardle, J., Steel, A. and Adams, J. (2018). Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. BMJ Global Health, 3(5), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh- 2018-000895.
  • Kimondo, J., Miaron, J., Mutai, P. and Njogu, P. (2015). Ethnobotanical Survey of Food and Medicinal Plants of the Ilkisonko Maasai community in Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 175, 463-469, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.013.
  • Klier, B., Häfner, E., Albert, H., Binder, G., Knödler, M., Kühn, M., Schenk, A. and Steinhoff, B. (2019). Pesticide Residues in Herbal Drugs: Evaluation of a Database. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2019.100223.
  • Knöss, W. and Chinou, I. (2012). Regulation of Medicinal Plants For Public Health - European Community Monographs On Herbal Substances. Planta Medica, 78(12), 1311-1316, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031- 1298578.
  • Leung, A.Y. (2006). Traditional Toxicity Documentation of Chinese Materia Medica—An Overview. Toxicologic Pathology, 34(4), https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230600773958
  • Li, S., So, T.H., Tang, G., Tan, H.Y., Wang, N., Ng, B.F.L., Chan, C.K.W., Yu, E.C.L. and Feng, Y. (2020). Chinese Herbal Medicine for Reducing Chemotherapy-Associated Side-Effects in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/ fonc.2020.599073.
  • Maritim, P.K.K., Twahir, A. and Davids, M.R. (2022). Global Dialysis Perspective: Kenya. Kidney360, 3(11), 1944-1947, https://doi.org/10.34067/kid.0006662021.
  • Marshall, N. (1998). Searching for a Cure: Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East and Southern Africa. TRAFFIC Report.
  • Mashilo, M.M. and Peter, M. (2018). Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antibacterial And Combinational Effects of Medicinal Plants Used By Bapedi Traditional Healers to Prepare Herbal Mixtures. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 12(29), https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2018.6688.
  • Mera, I.F.G., Falconí, D.E.G. and Córdova, V.M. (2019). Secondary Metabolites In Plants: Main Classes, Phytochemical Analysis And Pharmacological Activities. Bionatura, 4(4), https://doi.org/10.21931/ RB/2019.04.04.11.
  • Ministry of Culture. (2020). Application Form for Registration/Recognition of Traditional Medical Practitioners and Medicinal Plant Conservationists, https://sportsheritage.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ TRADITIONAL-MED-FORM0001.pdf.
  • Ministry of Health. (2020). The Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act- Uganda.
  • Mujinja, P.G. and Saronga, H.P. (2022). Traditional and Complementary Medicine in Tanzania: Regulation Awareness, Adherence and Challenges. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(8), https:/ /doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.51.
  • Mutie, F.M., Gao, L.L., Kathambi, V., Rono, P.C., Musili, P.M., Ngugi, G., Hu, G.W. and Wang, Q.F. (2020). An Ethnobotanical Survey of a Dryland Botanical Garden and Its Environs in Kenya: The Mutomo Hill Plant Sanctuary. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/ 1543831.
  • Mwenda, V., Githuku, J., Gathecha, G., Wambugu, B.M., Roka, Z.G. and Ong'or, W.O. (2019). Prevalence and Factors Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease Among Medical Inpatients At The Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, 2018: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pan African Medical Journal, 33, https://doi.org/10.11604/ pamj.2019.33.321.18114.
  • Nankaya, J., Gichuki, N., Lukhoba, C. and Balslev, H. (2020). Medicinal Plants of the Maasai of Kenya: A Review. Plants, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010044.
  • National Museums of Kenya. (1902). East African Herbarium, http://eaherbarium.museums.or.ke/.
  • Nguetti, J.H., Imungi, J.K., Okoth, M.W., Wang'ombe, J., Mbacham, W.F. and Mitema, S.E. (2018). Assessment of the Knowledge And Use of Pesticides by the Tomato Farmers in Mwea Region, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(8), 379-388, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12864.
  • Ochwang'i, D.O., Kimwele, C.N., Oduma, J.A., Gathumbi, P.K., Kiama, S.G. and Efferth, T. (2018). Cytotoxic Activity of Medicinal Plants of the Kakamega County (Kenya) Against Drug-sensitive And Multidrug- resistant Cancer Cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.004.
  • Odongo, E., Mungai, N., Mutai, P., Karumi, E., Mwangi, J. and Omale, J. (2018). Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used in Kakamega County, Western Kenya. Applied Medical Research, 4(1), 22, https:// doi.org/10.5455/amr.20180315095706.
  • Reyes-Garcés, N. and Myers, C. (2021). Analysis of the California List Of Pesticides, Mycotoxins, And Cannabinoids In Chocolate Using Liquid Chromatography And Low-pressure Gas Chromatography- based Platforms. Journal of Separation Science, 44(13), https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202001265.
  • Rukangira, E. (2001). The African Herbal Industry: Constraints and Challenges. In Natural Products and Cosmeceuticals Conference.
  • Sandiga, I., Chacha, C.N. and Kananu, M.P. (1995). Traditional Medicine in Africa: The Existence and Use of Traditional Medicine in Kenya, 1st Edition, Nairobi, Kenya: East African Educational Publishers Ltd.
  • Saper, R.B., Kales, S.N., Paquin, J., Burns, M.J., Eisenberg, D.M., Davis, R.B. and Phillips, R.S. (2004). Heavy Metal Content of Ayurvedic Herbal Medicine Products. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(23), https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.23.2868.
  • Saper, R.B., Phillips, R.S., Sehgal, A., Khouri, N., Davis, R.B., Paquin, J., Thuppil, V. and Kales, S.N. (2008). Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic In US- and Indian-Manufactured Ayurvedic Medicines Sold Via The Internet. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(8), https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.8.915.
  • Shaikh, J.R. and Patil, M. (2020). Qualitative Tests for Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: An Overview. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(2), https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834.
  • Sifuna, N. (2022). A Survey of Kenya's Policies, Institutional Arrangements and Legislation on Traditional Medicine. Law and Humanities Quarterly Reviews, 1(3), 83-102, https://doi.org/10.31014/ aior.1996.01.03.23.
  • Simoben, C. V., Qaseem, A., Moumbock, A.F.A., Telukunta, K.K., Günther, S., Sippl, W. and Ntie-Kang, F. (2020). Pharmacoinformatic Investigation of Medicinal Plants from East Africa. Molecular Informatics, 39(11), https://doi.org/10.1002/minf.202000163.
  • Sirili, N., Frumence, G., Kiwara, A., Mwangu, M., Anaeli, A., Nyamhanga, T., Goicolea, I. and Hurtig, A.K. (2018). Retention of Medical Doctors At The District Level: A Qualitative Study of Experiences from Tanzania. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3059-0.
  • Suzuki, N., Rivero, R.M., Shulaev, V., Blumwald, E. and Mittler, R. (2014).Abiotic and Biotic Stress Combinations. New Phytologist, 203(1), 32-43, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12797.
  • Tan, C.S.S. and Lee, S.W.H. (2021). Warfarin and Food, Herbal or Dietary Supplement Interactions: A Systematic Review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(2), 352–374, https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14404.
  • United Nations. (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity, https://www.cbd.int/.
  • Upton, R., David, B., Gafner, S. and Glasl, S. (2020). Botanical Ingredient Identification And Quality Assessment: Strengths And Limitations of Analytical Techniques. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(5), https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11101-019-09625-z.
  • World Health Organization. (1993). Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines. In World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization. (2003). WHO Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Herbal Medicines. World Health Organization.
  • World Health Organization. (2004). WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines In Pharmacovigilance Systems. World Health Organisation, Geneva, 82.
  • World Health Organization. 2011. Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • van Wyk, A.S. and Prinsloo, G. (2020). Health, Safety And Quality Concerns of Plant-based Traditional Medicines and Herbal Remedies. South African Journal of Botany, 133, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sajb.2020.06.031.
  • Julia Kimondo, Godfrey Mayoka, and Elizabeth Odongo. (2023). Herbal Medicine Practice in Kenya: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Way Forward. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(1), 61-72. doi: 10.51483/AFJPS.3.1.2023.61-72.