Info: Zenodo’s user support line is staffed on regular business days between Dec 23 and Jan 5. Response times may be slightly longer than normal.

Published April 28, 2023 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Modern Aspects of Exercise Tolerance Assessment in Children with Post-COVID Syndrome, Pneumonia, and Obesity

Creators

  • 1. Bogomolets National Medical University, Ukraine
  • 2. Poltava State Medical University, Ukraine

Description

An important and understudied problem is the state of health of children and adolescents who have experienced acute respiratory diseases or suffer from chronic diseases. Suffering from COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome, pneumonia are complex pathological conditions that significantly affect the functional capabilities of the child’s body and quality of life. Obesity, which is also an important medical and social problem, has no less impact on health.

The purpose of the work is to summarize the data from the literature about the value of exercise tests in children with postcovid syndrome, after pneumonia of various etiologies, and obesity; modern aspects for assessing exercise tolerance.

It is worth noting that nowadays screening programs for examining the health of children, aimed at prevention and early detection of pathological changes, play an important role. One of these methods of diagnosis, which makes it possible to determine and comprehensively analyze the body’s functional capabilities, is the assessment of exercise tolerance. The diagnostic value of analyzing the tolerance level lies in assessing the impact of various pathological conditions on the child’s health, and quality of life. The obtained results can be used to develop rehabilitation measures to eliminate the symptoms of acute diseases and improve the quality ofi fle.

Tests with dosed physical exertion are used to assess exercise tolerance. The «gold standard» of the technique is cardiopulmonary exercise testing. However, world tolerance assessment guidelines include the use of other types of tests, such as office and field tests. The «gold standard» for assessing tolerance is the determination of the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), which characterizes the maximum amount of oxygen that is absorbed and used by the body during intense physical exertion involving a large possible part of the muscles. Also, during exercise tests, heart rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram recording are monitored, which creates significant diagnostic search opportunities for the pediatrician.

Files

Modern_Aspects_of_Exercise_Tolerance_Assessment_in_Children_with_Post_COVID_Syndrome_Pneumonia_and_Obesity.pdf

Files (1.6 MB)

Additional details

References

  • Antipkin YG, Volosovets ОP, Maidannik VG, Berezenko VS, Moiseenko RО, Vygovska OV, et al. Status of child population health – the future of the country (part 1). Childs Health. 2018;13(1):1–11. doi: 10.22141/2224-0551.13.1.2018.127059.
  • Shevchenko N, Holovko T, Aghogho A, Margret M, Bernard O-F. Level of the exercise tolerance in healthy adolescents. Actual Probl Mod Med. 2021;(7):82–8. doi: 10.26565/2617-409x-2021-7-09.
  • Center of Public Health of Ukraine. COVID-19 [Internet]. Available from: https://covid19.phc.org.ua/.
  • Izquierdo-Pujol J, Moron-Lopez S, Dalmau J, Gonzalez-Aumatell A, Carreras-Abad C, Mendez M, et al. Post COVID-19 Condition in Children and Adolescents: An Emerging Problem. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:894204. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.894204.
  • COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567261/.
  • Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Ayuzo Del Valle NC, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, et al. Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9950. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13495-5.
  • Dotan A, David P, Arnheim D, Shoenfeld Y. The autonomic aspects of the post-COVID19 syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(5):103071. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103071.
  • Caronna E, Pozo-Rosich P. Headache during COVID-19: Lessons for all, implications for the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Headache. 2021;61(2):385–6. doi: 10.1111/head.14059.
  • Sharif K, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Lichtbroun M, Martini M, Perricone C, et al. On chronic fatigue syndrome and nosological categories. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(5):1161–70. doi: 10.1007/s10067-018-4009-2.
  • Molteni E, Sudre CH, Canas LS, Bhopal SS, Hughes RC, Antonelli M, et al. Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(10):708–18. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00198-X.
  • Fumagalli C, Zocchi C, Tassetti L, Silverii MV, Amato C, Livi L, et al. Factors associated with persistence of symptoms 1 year after COVID-19: A longitudinal, prospective phone-based interview follow-up cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2022;97:36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.11.018.
  • Dayton JD, Ford K, Carroll SJ, Flynn PA, Kourtidou S, Holzer RJ. The Deconditioning Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Unaffected Healthy Children. Pediatr Cardiol. 2021;42(3):554–9. doi: 10.1007/s00246-020-02513-w.
  • Foust AM, McAdam AJ, Chu WC, Garcia–Peña P, Phillips GS, Plut D, et al. Practical guide for pediatric pulmonologists on imaging management of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(9):2213–24. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24870.
  • Dean P, Florin TA. Factors Associated With Pneumonia Severity in Children: A Systematic Review. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(4):323–34. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy046.
  • Bover-Bauza C, Osona B, Gil JA, Peña-Zarza JA, Figuerola J. Long-term outcomes of necrotizing pneumonia. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2021;95(5):298–306. doi: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.10.002.
  • Bogusławski S, Strzelak A, Gajko K, Peradzyńska J, Popielska J, Marczyńska M, et al. The outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia in children-clinical, radiographic, and pulmonary function assessment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023;58(4):1042–50. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26291.
  • Florin TA, Ambroggio L, Brokamp C, Zhang Y, Rattan M, Crotty E, et al. Biomarkers and Disease Severity in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20193728. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3728.
  • Frolova TV, Borodina OS, Tereshchenkova II, Stenkova NF, Sinyaeva IR. The course of non-hospital uncomplicated pneumonia in children with different levels of physical development. Health Care Children Adolescents. 2019;1:88–91.
  • Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA. Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and Its Psychological and Health Comorbidities. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2020;16:351–78. doi: 10.1146/annurevclinpsy-100219-060201.
  • Gupta P, Kumar B, Banothu KK, Jain V. Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in 8-to-15-Year-Old Children with Overweight/Obesity by Three-Minute Step Test: Association with Degree of Obesity, Blood Pressure, and Insulin Resistance. Indian J Pediatr. 2022. doi: 10.1007/s12098-022-04311-z.
  • Cooper DM, Leu SY, Taylor-Lucas C, Lu K, Galassetti P, Radom-Aizik S. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with High Body Mass Index. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(1):98–108. doi: 10.1123/pes.2015-0107.
  • Kalski L, Wannack M, Wiegand S, Wolfarth B. Comparison of two methods of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for assessing physical fitness in children and adolescents with extreme obesity. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(6):2389–97. doi: 10.1007/s00431-022-04434-7.
  • West SL, Banks L, Schneiderman JE, Caterini JE, Stephens S, White G, et al. Physical activity for children with chronic disease; a narrative review and practical applications. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1377-3.
  • Zhang Z, Wang T, Kuang J, Herold F, Ludyga S, Li J, et al. The roles of exercise tolerance and resilience in the effect of physical activity on emotional states among college students. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2022;22(3):100312. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100312.
  • Gibala MJ, MacInnis MJ. Physiological basis of brief, intense interval training to enhance maximal oxygen uptake: a mini-review. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2022;323(5):C1410–6. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00143.2022.
  • Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44.
  • Health of Ukraine. Information for healthcare professionals [Internet]. Bicycle ergometry in practical medicine [Internet]. Available from: https://healthua.com/article/61895-veloergometrya-upraktichnj-meditcin.
  • Paridon SM, Alpert BS, Boas SR, Cabrera ME, Caldarera LL, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical stress testing in the pediatric age group: a statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth. Circulation. 2006;113(15):1905–20. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174375.
  • Rinaldo RF, Mondoni M, Parazzini EM, Pitari F, Brambilla E, Luraschi S, et al. Deconditioning as main mechanism of impaired exercise response in COVID-19 survivors. Eur Respir J. 2021;58(2):2100870. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00870-2021.
  • Marushko Y, Dmytryshyn O, Hyshchak T, Iovitsa T, Bovkun O. Peculiarities of the methodology, diagnostic value, and global recommendations for assessing exercise tolerance in children (literature review, own research). 2023;17(8):401–10.
  • Raghuveer G, Hartz J, Lubans DR, Takken T, Wiltz JL, Mietus-Snyder M, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: An Important Marker of Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;142(7):e101–18. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000866.
  • Rocha Neto AM, Herdy AH, Souza P. Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Methods for the Determination of Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Sedentary Young Adults. Int J. Cardiovasc Sci. 2019;32(4):362–7.
  • Lima AM, Silva DV, Souza AO. Correlação entre as medidas direta e indireta do VO2max em atletas de futsal. Rev Bras Medicina Esporte. 2005;11(3):164–6. doi: 10.1590/s1517-86922005000300002.
  • Hyshchak TV, Marushko YV, Dmytryshyn OA, Kostynska NG, Dmytryshyn BY. Tolerance to physical activity and its changes in children after COVID-19 (literature review, own data). Mod Pediatr Ukr. 2022;(5(125)):108–16. doi: 10.15574/sp.2022.125.108.
  • National Strength & Conditioning Association (U.S.), editors. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 3 Vol. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2008. 752 p.