Data and code for: The welfare problems of wide-ranging Carnivora reflect naturally itinerant lifestyles

Data and code for: Should I stay or should I go? The welfare problems of wide-ranging Carnivora reflect naturally itinerant lifestyles

The files given here provide everything needed to replicate our results and three figures (Figures 2, 3 and S1). See Table S3 for full descriptions of calculations.

Data files are suitable for use in Excel and/or R.

Missing values indicated with 'NA'.

An older dataset of previous work by us [2] was used for analyses shown in Table S2. This dataset is in a separate .csv file, and its metadata is described under its own heading below. 

Metadata for main analyses:

• Species: species scientific name
• Common_name: species common name
• RT: median % observations route-tracing
• Prop_no_FE: proportion of captive animals that did not (/unknown if they did) receive foraging enrichments
• Med_cover: median provision of cover within the enclosures of captive animals (ranked: 1 = poorest – 4 = best)
• CJM: captive juvenile mortality rates [% juveniles dying before 365 days; from 3]
• CIM: captive infant mortality rates [% infants dying before 30 days; see 1, 2]
• AEO: age when eyes first open [days; from 4]
• AHR: median annual home range size (km²; literature searches)
• CV: AHR's coefficient of variation
• BM: body mass [kg; from 4]
• IMN: individual metabolic need [from or calculated following: 5, 13, 14]
• GMN: group metabolic need [IMN x population size; the latter taken from 7, and following 12]
• Pro: regional productivity [g/m²; calculated using values from: 4, 6, 8]
• TN: trophic niche. From [4] and simplified to 1 = carnivores and 0 = omnivores/herbivores
• HM: % of diet that is self-hunted meat [from 15]
• Dens: population density [n animals per km²; from 4]
• T: territoriality. From [11]: 1 = territorial (defended home range); 0 = non-territorial (undefended home range)
• P: predation risk. From [9]: 1 = one or more known predator(s) (of adult animals); 0 = no reported predators (of adult animals)
• DDT: median daily distance travelled (km; literature searches)
• HV: hippocampal volume [ml; from 10]
• BVOL: brain volume [ml; from 10]
• DD_AD: ratio daily: annual travel distances calculated using AHR and DDT.

Metadata for Kroshko et al. [2] dataset (Table S2)

• As above with the following extra describing species-typical husbandry:
• Med_encl: median enclosure size (m2)
• Med_vert: median ranked score for vertical complexity within the enclosure (1 = poorest – 4 = best)
• Prop_same_social: proportion housed in similar social grouping as per the wild
• Med_meals: median meal frequency per day
• Prop_fed_am: proportion fed in the morning (or morning and afternoon) versus afternoon only
• Med_diet_div: median diet diversity (count of different food types)
• Prop_starve: proportion of animals that have 1 or more starve days each week 
• Prop_process: proportion of animals fed an entirely processed diet
• Med_study: median date of papers contributing to captive animal species summary statistics

References

1. Clubb, R. and G.J. Mason, Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2007. 102(3): p. 303-328.
2. Kroshko, J., R. Clubb, L. Harper, E. Mellor, A. Moehrenschlager, and G. Mason, Stereotypic route tracing in captive Carnivora is predicted by species-typical home range sizes and hunting styles. Animal Behaviour, 2016. 117: p. 197-209.
3. Roller, M., D.W.H. Müller, M.F. Bertelsen, L. Bingaman Lackey, J.-M. Hatt, and M. Clauss, The historical development of juvenile mortality and adult longevity in zoo-kept carnivores. Zoo Biology, 2021. 40(6): p. 588-595.
4. Jones, K.E., J. Bielby, M. Cardillo, S.A. Fritz, J. O'Dell, C.D.L. Orme, K. Safi, W. Sechrest, E.H. Boakes, C. Carbone, C. Connolly, M.J. Cutts, J.K. Foster, R. Grenyer, M. Habib, C.A. Plaster, S.A. Price, E.A. Rigby, J. Rist, A. Teacher, O.R.P. Bininda-Emonds, J.L. Gittleman, G.M. Mace, and A. Purvis, PanTHERIA: a species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology, 2009. 90(9): p. 2648-2648.
5. McNab, B.K., Basal rate of metabolism, body size, and food habits in the order Carnivora, in Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, J.L. Gittleman, Editor. 1989, Cornell University Press: Ithica, NY. p. 335-351.
6. Stephenson, N., Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales. Journal of Biogeography, 1998. 25(5): p. 855-870.
7. Gittleman, J.L., Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. 1989, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
8. Lieth, H., Modeling the Primary Productivity of the World, in Primary Productivity of the Biosphere, H. Lieth and R.H. Whittaker, Editors. 1975, Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 237-263.
9. Noonan, M.J., C. Newman, C.D. Buesching, and D.W. Macdonald, Evolution and function of fossoriality in the Carnivora: implications for group-living. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2015. 3.
10. Patzke, N., M.A. Spocter, K. Karlsson, M.F. Bertelsen, M. Haagensen, R. Chawana, S. Streicher, C. Kaswera, E. Gilissen, A.N. Alagaili, O.B. Mohammed, R.L. Reep, N.C. Bennett, J.M. Siegel, A.O. Ihunwo, and P.R. Manger, In contrast to many other mammals, cetaceans have relatively small hippocampi that appear to lack adult neurogenesis. Brain Struct Funct, 2015. 220(1): p. 361-83.
11. Grant, J.W.A., C.A. Chapman, and K.S. Richardson, Defended versus undefended home range size of carnivores, ungulates and primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 1992. 31(3): p. 149-161.
12. Gittleman, J.L. and P.H. Harvey, Carnivore home-range size, metabolic needs and ecology. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 1982. 10: p. 57–63.
13. McNab, B.K., The Influence of Food Habits on the Energetics of Eutherian Mammals. Ecological Monographs, 1986. 56(1): p. 1-19.
14. McNab, B.K., Complications inherent in scaling the basal rate of metabolism in mammals. Q Rev Biol, 1988. 63(1): p. 25-54.
15. Wilman, H., J. Belmaker, J. Simpson, C. de la Rosa, M.M. Rivadeneira, and W. Jetz, EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world's birds and mammals. Ecology, 2014. 95(7): p. 2027-2027.

Funding provided by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038
Award Number:

Funding provided by: University of Guelph
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008986
Award Number: