The thermodynamic and dynamic control of the sensible heat polynya in the western Cosmonaut Sea

A prominent feature in the west Cosmonaut Sea is the reoccurrence of a sensible heat polynya — the western Cosmonaut Sea Polynya (wCSP), which normally exists in late austral autumn and early winter. The Southern Ocean Sate Estimate (SOSE) reanalysis product is employed to investigate the thermodynamic and dynamic processes controlling the formation and evolution of a real wCSP event in 2009, when the polynya properties revealed from satellite observations are reasonably simulated by SOSE. An oceanic heat budget analysis was conducted for the surface layer above the thermocline, and the results reveal that heat advection is the major term contributing to the surface heat content variation in this area. The precursor of wCSP — an embayment — was formed during cyclonic atmospheric circulations. The negative wind stress curl from a cyclone induced upwelling that brought the warm circumpolar deep water to the surface and presumably melted ice. Meanwhile, the location of the cyclone relative to the wCSP created weaker easterlies over the northern boundary of polynya and stronger easterlies over the southern boundary of polynya. This leads to difference in the meridional oceanic heat transports across the northern and southern boundaries, resulting in net positive meridional oceanic heat transport into the polynya. Both the vertical heat advection and the meridional heat advection contribute significantly to increased heat content in the surface layer of wCSP, causing sea-ice melt and formation of the embayment. The cyclonic wind field promotes convergence of sea ice over the northern area of the embayment and results in the polynya. The formation of wCSP is likely related to the strength and position of Southern Annular Mode on interannual scale, and may potentially affect the biological productivity by controlling the availability of light in the mixed layer.