Scientific diving in Brazil: history, present and perspectives

Scientific Diving (SD) is defined as any diving activity that applies scientific procedures to produce subsidies for conducting studies and technical works in underwater environments. The first report on an underwater scientific study in Brazil dates back to the 19^th century in the Abrolhos Reefs. Currently, in Brazil, scientific diving has often been performed in various areas, ranging from shallow coastal regions to remote and sometimes difficult-to-reach places, such as oceanic islands, flooded caves, and frozen areas like Antarctica. However, SD regulation in Brazil still lacks more concrete actions toward effective and efficient self-regulation offering physical safety to those who practice it and institutional safeguards to those organizations using it in their research projects. Thus, this article aims to contribute to a better understanding of this critical issue in Brazil and serve as a reference and incentive to train professionals and develop these activities in the country. This paper includes: 1. a history review of the matter; 2. a diagnosis of scientific diving training and application in Brazil; 3. marine science evolution in Brazil from the scientific diving perspective; 4. a review of the use of environmental assessment and underwater conservation techniques regarding oceans and internal waters; 5. an analysis of the evolution of scientific diver training in Brazil, including a diagnosis on training; 6. the history and updates in scientific diving rules, regulations, and safety. Once all the potential of using diving was noticed, coupled with specific techniques for research, monitoring, and marine and limnic science in Brazil, we aim to understand the evolution of scientific diving teaching and to outline perspectives in the country, as it is crucial to training skilled scientists able to carry out these underwater tasks. Lastly, we present future plans to develop this activity in the country from the viewpoint of research and the job market.