nextGEMS - Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems
Published April 20, 2022 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Air-Sea Interactions and Water Mass Transformation During a Katabatic Storm in the Irminger Sea

Creators

  • 1. Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; The Ocean in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany Germany
  • 2. The Ocean in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
  • 3. Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; The Ocean in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
  • 4. The Ocean in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Description

Abstract

We use a global 5-km resolution model to analyze the air-sea interactions during a katabatic storm in the Irminger Sea originating from the Ammassalik valleys. Katabatic storms have not yet been resolved in global climate models, raising the question of whether and how they modify water masses in the Irminger Sea. Our results show that dense water forms along the boundary current and on the shelf during the katabatic storm due to the heat loss caused by the high wind speeds and the strong temperature contrast. The dense water contributes to the lightest upper North Atlantic Deep Water as upper Irminger Sea Intermediate Water and thus to the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The katabatic storm triggers a polar low, which in turn amplifies the near-surface wind speed due to the superimposed pressure gradient, in addition to acceleration from a breaking mountain wave. Overall, katabatic storms account for up to 25% of the total heat loss (20 January 2020 to 30 September 2021) over the Irminger shelf of the Ammassalik area. Resolving katabatic storms in global models is therefore important for the formation of dense water in the western boundary current of the Irminger Sea, which is relevant to the AMOC, and for the largescale atmospheric circulation by triggering polar lows.

 

Plain Language Summary

Katabatic storms are outbursts of cold air associated with strong winds from coastal valleys of Greenland, in particular from the Ammassalik valleys in southeast Greenland. These storms are not resolved in global climate models because of their small spatial extent. However, they are important for the formation of dense water on the Irminger Sea shelf, because they induce a substantial heat loss from the coastal water. In this study, we resolve katabatic storms for the first time in a global climate model and analyze the water transformation caused by a single storm before quantifying the importance of katabatic storms for the entire simulation period. We find that a water mass is formed during the katabatic storm that is dense enough to contribute to the cooling and sinking of the global conveyor belt in the subpolar North Atlantic. Overall, katabatic storms account for up to 25% of the heat loss over the Irminger shelf of the Ammassalik area.

 

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Acknowledgements

This work is a contribution to the project S2 (Improved Parameterizations and Numerics in Climate Models) of the Collaborative Research Centre TRR 181 “Energy Transfer in Atmosphere and Ocean” funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project number 274762653 and the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science. The research was supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 collaborative project NextGEMS (Grant No. 101003470). DYAMOND data management was provided by the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) and supported through the projects ESiWACE and ESiWACE2. The projects ESiWACE and ESiWACE2 have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreements Nos. 675191 and 823988. This work used resources of the Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ) granted by its Scientific Steering Committee (WLA) under project IDs bk1040 and bb1153. We thank the DYAMOND Winter team at MPI-M and DKRZ (https://www.esiwace.eu/services/ dyamond/winter) for producing the simulation. We further thank Elisa Manzini for providing constructive comments and two anonymous reviewers. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

 

 

Notes

Data Availability Statement Open Research Primary scripts to reproduce the figures and analyses can be obtained from MPG.PuRe (http:// hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0008-ECF1-E, Gutjahr et al. (2021a) and the model data from the WDCC Long Term Archive (http://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/Compact.jsp?acronym=DKRZ_LTA_033_ds00010, Gutjahr et al., 2021b). The model code of ICON is available to individuals under licenses (https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/ science/modeling-with-icon/code-availability). The buoyancy fluxes and the water mass transformation were calculated with R 4.0.2 (R Core Team, 2020) and the oce package version 1.3-0 (Kelley & Richards, 2021).

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Additional details

Funding

ESiWACE2 – Excellence in Simulation of Weather and Climate in Europe, Phase 2 823988
European Commission
NextGEMS – Next Generation Earth Modelling Systems 101003470
European Commission
ESiWACE – Excellence in SImulation of Weather and Climate in Europe 675191
European Commission

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