CARDIORENAL SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, VERIFICATION

The connection between cardiac and renal pathology has long attracted the attention of both cardiologists and neurologists. A high risk of cardiac death in terminal renal failure was noted soon after the introduction of hemodialysis into clinical practice, but only in the last decade it became clear that any kidney damage, both acute and chronic, is also associated with high general and cardiovascular mortality. These data, obtained in large randomized trials, became the basis of the concept of chronic kidney disease (CKD), developed under the auspices of the NKF (National Kidney Foundation, USA).