Published November 25, 2022 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Evaluation of Biomarkers and Clinical Course in Patients Developing Neurologic Disorders due to COVID-19

  • 1. Department of Neurology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • 2. Department of Family Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye

Description

Abstract

COVID-19 is a highly contagious and deadly disease. It may present with neurologic symptoms as well as respiratory symptoms. In this study, the existence of different biomarkers in the development and evaluation of neurologic symptoms and complications in patients with COVID-19 and the relationship between clinical course and neurologic disorders were investigated. In this prospective randomized study, the study group included 133 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 who were admitted to the neurology clinic and intensive care unit managed by expert neurologists during the pandemic period. Patients were classified as those without neurological disorders associated with COVID-19, those with mild neurologic disorders, and those with severe neurological disorders. The demographic characteristics, laboratory values, lung tomography, and clinical features of these patients were examined and the relationship between them was investigated. Of the patients, 54.9% were male, 45.1% were female, and the mean age was 60.85±18.38 (min-max: 19-91) years. As the age increased, a moderately significant positive correlation was found between the presence of neurologic disorders and disease severity. Myalgia (39.1%) and headache (34.6%) were the most common neurologic symptoms. In patients with severe neurologic disorders, the most common neurologic symptom was unconsciousness (n=22, 64.7%). Hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, lymphocyte counts, and procalcitonin levels were decreased (p=0.010, p=0.018, p=0.001, and p=0.021, respectively) in patients with neurologic disorders, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and interleukin-6 levels were increased (p=0.039, p=0.020, p<0.001, and p=0.001, respectively). An increase in the presence and severity of neurologic disorders was observed in patients in parallel with an increase in lung computed tomography scores and O2 requirement (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). As the severity of the neurologic disorders of the patients increased, the rate of discharge decreased (p<0.001). Our results suggested that some biomarkers associated with the severity of the disease could also be shown in patients with neurologic disorders, and patients with COVID-19 had severe disease in the presence of neurologic disorders. To define the existence of an independent biomarker, there is a need for large-scale studies in which neurologic disorders are handled separately.

Özet

COVID-19 yüksek derecede bulaşıcı ve ölümcül bir hastalıktır. Solunum semptomlarının yanı sıra nörolojik semptomlarla da ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 hastalarında nörolojik semptom ve komplikasyonların gelişimi ve değerlendirilmesinde farklı biyobelirteçlerin varlığı ve klinik seyir ile nörolojik bozukluklar arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Bu prospektif randomize çalışmada, çalışma grubu pandemi döneminde COVID-19 kliniği haline getirilen uzman nörologlar tarafından yönetilen nöroloji klinik ve yoğun bakıma yatırılan COVID-19 tanılı 133 hastayı içeriyordu. Hastalar, COVID-19 ile ilişkili nörolojik bozukluğu olmayanlar, hafif nörolojik bozukluğu olanlar ve ciddi nörolojik bozukluğu olanlar olarak kategorize edildi. Bu hastaların demografik özellikleri, laboratuvar değerleri, akciğer tomografisi ve klinik özellikleri incelenerek ilgili parametreler ile hastalık grupları arasındaki ilişkiler araştırıldı. Hastaların %54.9'u erkek, %45.1'i kadındı ve yaş ortalaması 60.85±18.38 (minimum-maksimum: 19-91) idi. Yaş arttıkça, nörolojik bozuklukların varlığı ile hastalık şiddeti arasında orta derecede anlamlı bir pozitif korelasyon olduğu bulundu. Miyalji (%39.1) ve baş ağrısı (%34.6) en sık görülen nörolojik semptomlardı. Ciddi nörolojik bozukluğu olan hastalarda en sık görülen nörolojik semptom ise bilinç kaybıydı (n=22, %64.7). Nörolojik bozukluğu olan hastalarda hemoglobin düzeyleri, hematokrit değerleri, lenfosit sayıları ve prokalsitonin düzeyleri azalmış (sırasıyla, p=0.010, p=0.018, p=0.001 ve p=0.021), buna karşın nötrofil sayısı, C-reaktif protein, D-dimer ve interlökin-6 seviyeleri artmıştı (sırasıyla p=0.039, p=0.020, p<0.001 ve p=0.001). Akciğer bilgisayarlı tomografi skorları ve O2 gereksinimindeki artışa paralel olarak hastalarda nörolojik bozuklukların varlığı ve şiddetinde artış olduğu gözlemlendi (sırasıyla, p<0.001 ve p<0.001). Hastalarda nörolojik bozuklukların şiddeti arttıkça, taburculuk oranlarının da azaldığı saptandı (p<0.001). Sonuçlarımız, hastalık ciddiyeti ile ilişkili bazı biyobelirteçlerin nörolojik bozukluğu olan hastalarda da gösterilebileceğini desteklemekte ve COVID-19'lu hastalarda nörolojik bozuklukların varlığında ciddi hastalık tablolarının geliştiğini göstermektedir. Bununla beraber bağımsız bir biyobelirteç varlığının tanımlanması için nörolojik bozuklukların ayrı ayrı ele alındığı geniş ölçekli çalışmalara gereksinim vardır.

Notes

COVID-19'a Bağlı Nörolojik Bozukluk Gelişen Hastalarda Biyobelirteçlerin ve Klinik Seyrin Değerlendirilmesi

Files

jmvi.2022.61.pdf

Files (425.2 kB)

Name Size Download all
md5:665757cdca9aa5c9fbfde3542cddc73c
425.2 kB Preview Download

Additional details

References

  • ‎1. Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker ‎abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-‎analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58(7): 1021-8.‎
  • ‎2. Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T. Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression. ‎Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57(6): 389-99. ‎
  • ‎3. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With ‎Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(15): 762-8. ‎
  • ‎4. Kermali M, Khalsa RK, Pillai K, Ismail Z, Harky A. The role of biomarkers in diagnosis of COVID-19 - A ‎systematic review. Life Sci 2020; 254: 117788. ‎
  • ‎5. Frater JL, Zini G, d'Onofrio G, Rogers HJ. COVID-19 and the clinical hematology laboratory. Int J Lab Hematol ‎‎2020; 42 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): 11-8. ‎
  • ‎6. Harapan BN, Yoo HJ. Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute ‎respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). J Neurol 2021; ‎‎268(9): 3059-71. ‎
  • ‎7. Öcal N, Yavuz Veizi BG, Cüce F, Yilmaz G, Taşkin G, Acar YA, et al. How did COVID-19 pandemic affect the ‎older patients? comparison of clinical features in older versus younger patients. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics ‎‎2020; 23(4): 434-45. ‎
  • ‎8. Kharat A, Dupuis-Lozeron E, Cantero C, Marti C, Grosgurin O, Lolachi S, et al. Self-proning in COVID-19 ‎patients on low-flow oxygen therapy: a cluster randomised controlled trial. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7(1): 00692-‎‎2020. ‎
  • ‎9. Tsai ST, Lu MK, San S, Tsai CH. The Neurologic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A ‎Systemic Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 498. ‎
  • ‎10. Duzgun U, Sonkaya AR, Öztürk B, Sarı O, Yurdakul ES, Savaşçı Ü, et al. The effect of risk factors on the ‎clinical course and treatment of older patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Neurological Sciences and ‎Neurophysiology 2022; 39(1): 40-7. ‎
  • ‎11. AHA/ASA Stroke Council Leadership. Temporary Emergency Guidance to US Stroke Centers During the ‎Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: On Behalf of the American Heart Association/American Stroke ‎Association Stroke Council Leadership. Stroke 2020; 51(6): 1910-2. ‎
  • ‎12. Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA. Neurological Involvement in ‎COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34(3): 1062-71. ‎
  • ‎13. Jacomy H, Fragoso G, Almazan G, Mushynski WE, Talbot PJ. Human coronavirus OC43 infection induces ‎chronic encephalitis leading to disabilities in BALB/C mice. Virology 2006; 349(2): 335-46. ‎
  • ‎14. Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(23): 6008. ‎
  • ‎15. Bolay H, Karadas Ö, Oztürk B, Sonkaya R, Tasdelen B, Bulut TDS, et al. HMGB1, NLRP3, IL-6 and ACE2 levels ‎are elevated in COVID-19 with headache: a window to the infection-related headache mechanism. J Headache ‎Pain 2021; 22(1): 94.‎
  • ‎16. Tutal Gursoy G, Yuksel H, Mulkem Simsek I, Oral S, Erdogan Kucukdagli F, Karaman A, et al. Neurological ‎Presentations in Patients with COVID-19 in Cytokine Storm. Can J Neurol Sci 2021: 1-7. ‎
  • ‎17. Rostami M, Mansouritorghabeh H. D-dimer level in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review. Expert Rev ‎Hematol 2020; 13(11): 1265-75. ‎
  • ‎18. Esenwa C, Cheng NT, Luna J, Willey J, Boehme AK, Kirchoff-Torres K, et al. Biomarkers of Coagulation and ‎Inflammation in COVID-19-Associated Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52(11): e706-e709. ‎
  • ‎19. Karadaş Ö, Öztürk B, Sonkaya AR, Taşdelen B, Özge A, Bolay H. Latent class cluster analysis identified hidden ‎headache phenotypes in COVID-19: impact of pulmonary infiltration and IL-6. Neurol Sci 2021; 42(5): 1665-73. ‎
  • ‎20. Karadaş Ö, Öztürk B, Sonkaya AR. A prospective clinical study of detailed neurological manifestations in ‎patients with COVID-19. Neurol Sci 2020; 41(8): 1991-5. ‎
  • ‎21. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With ‎Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77(6): 683-90. ‎
  • ‎22. Yazdi NA, Ghadery AH, SeyedAlinaghi S, Jafari F, Jafari S, Hasannezad M, et al. Predictors of the chest CT ‎score in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study. Virol J 2021; 18(1): 225.‎