In vitro bioaccumulation metabolic studies of heavy metals by water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Engl. (Araceae)

ABSTRACT

In vitro experiments on bioaccumulation of heavy metals, chromium, copper, lead and zinc was conducted using water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Engl. (Araceae) with 5, 10 and 20 mg/        100 ml concentration for each metals for a period of 20 days. The Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) results revealed the bioaccumulation of lead as high as 37.79% followed by chromium 8.63%, zinc 6.00% and copper 2.37%. There was a change in the pH of the medium, the bioaccumulation of metals were confirmed by FTIR analysis and a unique metabolic studies of heavy metal sorption have been predicted by GC-MS analysis.

Keywords: Bioaccumulation, FT-IR, GC-MS, Heavy metals, Pistia stratiotes Engl., SEM-EDX

REFERENCES

1. Pergent C, Pergent-Martini C. Mercury levels and fluxes in Podosonia oceanic meadows. Environ. Pollut. 1999; 106: 33-37.
2. Singh SP, Ghosh M. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 2005; 3: 1-18.
3. Vesk PA, Allaway WG. Spatial variation of copper and lead concentrations of water hyacinth plants in a wetland receiving urban run-off. Aquat. Bot. 1997; 59: 34-44.
4. Vajpayee P, Rai UN, Sinha S, Tripathi RD, Chandra P. Bioremediation of tannery effluent by aquatic macrophytes. B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 1995; 55: 546-553.
5. Whitton BA, Kelley MG. Use of algae and other plants for monitoring rivers. Aust. J. Ecol., 1995; 20: 45-56.
6. Cheng S. Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2003; 10: 335.
7. Ernst WHO, Vekleji JAC, Schat H. Metal tolerance in plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica. 1992; 41: 229-248.
8. Raskin I, Smith RD, Salt DE. Phytoremediation of metals: Using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1997; 8: 221-226.
9. Lingaiah, Estari Mamidala and P. Nagaraja Rao (2016). Modulatory effect of Cassia
10. auriculata plant extraction on glucose metabolism in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats.
11. The Ame J Sci & Med Res, 1(2); 212-220. doi:10.17812/ajsmr1213
12. Salt DE, Blaylock M, Kumar PBAN, Dushenkov V, Ensley BD¸ Chet L and Raskin L. Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology, 1995; 13: 468-474.
13. Zhuang P, Yang QW, Wang HB, Shu WS. Phytoextraction of heavy metals by eight plant species in the field. Water Air Soil Poll. 2007; 184: 235-242.
14. Chen H, Cutright TJ. The interactive effects of chelator, fertilizer and rhizobacteria for enhancing phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. J. Soils Sediments. 2002; 2: 203-210.
15. Huang H, Yu N, Wang L, Yang X. The phytoremediation potential of bioenergy crop Ricinus communis for DDTs and Cadmium cocontamination soil. Bioresour. Technol. 2011; 102: 11034-11038.
16. Gamble JS. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Vol. III. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publishers, Dehra Dun. 2008.
17. Giri AK, Patel RK. Phytoaccumulation potential and toxicity of arsenic ions by Eichhornia crassipes in hydroponic system. J. Bioremed. Biodegrad. 2012; 3: 137.
18. Jamari S, Embong Z, Bakar I. Elemental composition study of heavy metal (Ni, Cu, Zn) in riverbank soil by electrokinetic assisted phytoremediation using XRF and SEM-EDX. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2014; 1584: 221-227.
19. Ashok Kumar B, Jothiramalingam S, Thiyagarajan SK, Hidhayathullakhan T, Nalini R. Phytoremediation of heavy metals from paper mill effluent soil using Croton sparsiflorus. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy. 2014; 36: 1-9.
20. Mullai P, Yogeswari MK, Saravanakumar K, Kathiresan K. Phytoremediation of heavy metals using Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata in the Uppanar River. International Journal of Chem. Tech. Research. 2014; 6: 4984-4990.
21. Subhashini V, Swamy AVVS. Screening potential of three native grass species for phytoremediation of heavy metals. European Academic Research. 2014; 2: 5887-5903.
22. Phugare SS, Kalyani, DC, Patil, AV, Jadhar JP. Textile dye degradation by bacterial consortium and subsequent toxicology analysis of dye and dye metabolites using cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2011; 186: 713-723.
23. Harshad Lade S, Waghmode TR, Kadam AA, Govindwar SP. Enhanced biodegradation and detoxitaction of disperse azo dye Rubine GPL and textile industry effluent by defined fungal-bacterial consortium. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 2012; 72:94-107.
24. Harshad Lade, Sanjay Govindwar and Diby Paul. Low cost biodegradation and detoxification of textile Azo dye C.I. Reactive Blue 172 by Providencia rettgeri strain HSL-1. Journal of Chemistry. 2015. Article ID 894109, 10 pages.
25. Lassat M. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual. 2002; 31: 109-120.
26. Kidd P, Barcelo J¸ Bernal MP, Navarie-Izzo F, Poschenrieder C, Shilev S, Clemente R, Monterroso C. Trace element behavior at the root soil interface: Implications in phytoremediation. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009; 67: 243-259.