Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758
Creators
Description
Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:47.
TYPE LOCALITY: "sylvis Europae frigidae" restricted by Thomas (1911a) to, "Northern Sweden."
DISTRIBUTION: Formerly, NW Africa, all of the Palearctic from W Europe, Near and Middle East through N Himalayas to W and N China and Chukot (Russia); Hokkaido (Japan); W North America, north from N Mexico.
STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as U. arctos (Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations), U. a. isabellinus, and U. a. pruinosus; otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA - Endangered as U. a. arctos in Italy, U. a. nelsoni in Mexico, and U. a. pruinosus; Threatened as U. a. horribilis in the USA (48 conterminous states); IUCN - Extinct as U. a. nelsoni.
SYNONYMS: absarokus Merriam, 1914; alascensis Merriam, 1896; albus Gmelin, 1788; alexandrae Merriam, 1914; alpinus Fischer, 1814; andersoni Merriam, 1918; annulatus Billberg, 1827; apache Merriam, 1916; argenteus Billberg, 1827; arizonae Merriam, 1916; atnarko Merriam, 1918; aureus Fitzinger, 1855; badius Schrank, 1798; baikalensis Ognev, 1924; bairdi Merriam, 1918; beringiana Middendorff, 1853; bisonophagus Merriam, 1918; bosniensis Bolkay, 1925; brunneus Billberg, 1827; cadaverinus Eversmann, 1840; californicus Merriam, 1896; canadensis Merriam, 1914; candescens Hamilton-Smith, 1827; caucasicus Smirnov, 1919; caurinus Merriam, 1914; cavifrons Heude, 1901; chelan Merriam, 1916; chelidonias Merriam, 1918; cinereus Desmarest, 1820; collaris Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie, 1824; colusus Merriam, 1914; crassodon Merriam, 1918; crassus Merriam, 1918; cressonus Merriam, 1916; crowtheri Schinz, 1844; dalli Merriam, 1896; dusorgus Merriam, 1916; eltonclarki Merriam, 1914; ereunetes Merriam, 1918; eulophus Merriam, 1904; euryrhinus Nilsson, 1847; eversmanni Gray, 1864; eximius Merriam, 1916; falciger Reichenbach, 1836; ferox Temminck, 1844; formicarius Billberg, 1828;/mscms Gmelin, 1788; grandis Gray, 1864; griseus Kerr, 1792; gyas Merriam, 1902; henshawi Merriam, 1914; holzworthi Merriam, 1929; hoots Merriam, 1916; horriaeus Baird, 1858; horribilis Ord, 1815; hylodromus Elliot, 1904; idahoensis Meriam, 1918; imperator Merriam, 1914; impiger Merriam, 1918; innuitus Merriam, 1914; inopinatus Merriam, 1918; insularis Merriam, 1916; internationalis Merriam, 1914; isabellinus Horsfield, 1826; jeniseensis Ognev, 1924; kadiaki Kleinschmidt, 1911; kenaiensis Merriam, 1904; kennerleyi Merriam, 1914; kidderi Merriam, 1902; klamathensis Meriam, 1914; kluane Meriam, 1916; kodiaki Kleinschmidt, 1911; kolymensis Ognev, 1924; kwakiutl Merriam, 1916; lagomyiarius Przewalski, 1883; lasiotus Gray, 1867; lasistanicus Satunin, 1913; latifrons Merriam, 1914; leuconyx Severtzov, 1873; macfarlani Merriam, 1918; machetes Elliot, 1903; macrodon Merriam, 1918; magister Merriam, 1914; major Nilsson, 1820; mandchuricus Heude, 1898; marsicanus Altobello, 1921; melanarctos Heude, 1898; mendocinensis Merriam, 1916; meridionalis Middendorff, 1851; merriamii J. A. Allen, 1902; middendorffi Merriam, 1896; minor Nilsson, 1820; mirabilis Merriam, 1916; mirus Meriam, 1918; myrmephagus Billberg, 1827; navaho Merriam, 1914; neglectus Merriam, 1916; nelsoni Merriam, 1914; niger Gmelin, 1788; normalis Gray, 1864; nortoni Merriam, 1914; norvegicus Fischer, 1829; nuchek Merriam, 1916; ophrus Merriam, 1916; orgiloides Merriam, 1918; orgilos Merriam, 1914; oribasus Merriam, 1918; pallosi Merriam, 1916; pamirensis Ognev, 1924; pellyensis Meriam, 1918; persicus Lönnberg, 1925; perturbons Merriam, 1918; pervagor Merriam, 1914; phaeonyx Merriam, 1904; piscator Pucheran, 1855; planiceps Merriam, 1918; polonicus Gray, 1864; pruinosus Blyth, 1854; pulchellus Merriam, 1918; pyrenaicus Fischer, 1829; richardsoni Swainson, 1838; rogersi Merriam, 1918; rossicus Gray, 1864; rufus Borkhausen, 1797; rungiusi Merriam, 1918; russelli Merriam, 1914; sagittalis Merriam, 1918; scandinavicus Gray, 1864; schmitzi Matschie, 1917; selkirki Merriam, 1916; shanorum Thomas, 1906; sheldoni Merriam, 1910; shirasi Merriam, 1914; shoshone Merriam, 1914; sibiricus Gray, 1864; sitkeenensis Merriam, 1914; sitkensis Merriam, 1896; smirnovi Lönnberg, 1925; stenorostris Gray, 1864; syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1828; tahltanicus Merriam, 1914; texensis Merriam, 1914; toklat Merriam, 1914; townsendi Merriam, 1916; tularensis Merriam, 1918; tundrensis Merriam, 1914; ursus Boddaert, 1772; utahensis Merriam, 1914; warburtoni Merriam, 1916; washake Merriam, 1916; yesoensis Lydekker, 1897.
COMMENTS: Reviewed by Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963a), Kurtén (1973), and Hall (1984). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized If. pruinosus as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Strognov (1962). Lönnberg (1923b) believed that differences between pruinosus and arctos warranted subgeneric distinction as (Mylarctos) pruinosus; however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932a) thorough revision.
Notes
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Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
Related works
- Cites
- Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.3920702 (DOI)
- Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3015EA447EC7731F54E66F1F1CA230FC (URL)
- Is part of
- Book chapter: 10.5281/zenodo.7359191 (DOI)
- Book chapter: http://publication.plazi.org/id/BD1F4E51C329747CFFD6FC3FFFE0142F (URL)
Biodiversity
References
- Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158.
- Desmarest, A. G. 1820, 1822. Mammalogie ou description des espece de mammiferes. Encyclopedie Methodique. Agasse, Paris, 555 pp., 66 plates.
- Schinz, H. R. 1844 - 1845. Systematisches verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Saugethiere, oder, Synopsis mammalium, nach dem Cuvier' schen system. Solothurn, Jent und Gassmann, 2 vols.
- Gray, J. E. 1864 [1865]. A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae) founded on the collection in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864: 502 - 579.
- Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; class I: Mammalia. London, J. Murray & R. Faulder, 664 pp.
- Allen, J. A. 1902. Mammal names proposed by Oken in his " Lehrbuch der Zoologie ". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 16: 373 - 379.
- Lonnberg, E., and N. Gyldenstolpe. 1925. Vertebrata. 2. Preliminary diagnoses of seven new mammals. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 B, 5: 1 - 6.
- Couturier, M. A. J. 1954. L'Ours brun (Ursus arctos) L. Grenoble, 904 pp.
- Rausch, R. L. 1963 a. Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41: 33 - 45.
- Kurten, B. 1973. Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears). Commentationes Biologicae, 65: 1 - 10.
- Hall, E. R. 1984. Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America. Special Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 13: 1 - 16.
- Ognev, S. I. 1931. Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii: Khishchnye mlekopitayushchie [Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia: Carnivorous mammals]. Glavnauka, Moscow, 2: 1 - 776 (in Russian).
- Allen, G. M. 1938 - 1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia [Natural History of Central Asia (W. Granger, ed.)]. Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 11: pt. 1: 1 - 620 [1938]; pt. 2: 621 - 1350 [1940].
- Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.
- Gao Yao-ting (ed.). 1987. [Fauna Sinica, Mammalia: Carnivora]. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Beijing, 377 pp. (in Chinese).
- Lonnberg, E. 1923 b. Remarks on some Palaearctic bears. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1923: 85 - 95.
- Pocock, R. I. 1932 a. The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia. Part I. European and Asiatic representatives of the brown bear. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 35 (4): 771 - 823.