Data from: Protection status, human disturbance, snow cover and trapping drive density of a declining wolverine population in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Description
Protected areas are important in species conservation, but high rates of human-caused mortality outside their borders and increasing popularity for recreation can negatively affect wildlife populations. We quantified wolverine (Gulo gulo) population trends from 2011 to 2020 in >14 000 km2 protected and non-protected habitat in southwestern Canada. We conducted wolverine and multi-species surveys using non-invasive DNA and remote camera-based methods. We developed Bayesian integrated models combining spatial capture-recapture data of marked and unmarked individuals with occupancy data. Wolverine density and occupancy declined by 39 percent, with an annual population growth rate of 0.925. Density within protected areas was 3 times higher than outside and declined between 2011 (3.6 wolverines/1000 km2) and 2020 (2.1 wolverines/1000 km2). Wolverine density and detection probability increased with snow cover and decreased near development. Detection probability also decreased with human recreational activity. The annual harvest rate of 13% was above the maximum sustainable rate. We conclude that humans negatively affected the population through direct mortality, sub-lethal effects and habitat impacts. Our study exemplifies the need to monitor population trends for species at risk – within and between protected areas - as steep declines can occur unnoticed if key conservation concerns are not identified and addressed.
Notes
Funding provided by: Parks Canada
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014612
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Funding provided by: Montana State University
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009501
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Funding provided by: Woodcock-Muñoz Foundation
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100003530
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Funding provided by: Wilburforce Foundation
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001393
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Funding provided by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038
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Funding provided by: University of Calgary
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008459
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Funding provided by: Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012785
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Funding provided by: McLean Foundation
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100002221
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Funding provided by: National Geographic Society
Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006363
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Funding provided by: Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund*
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Funding provided by: Bow Valley Naturalists*
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Funding provided by: Alpine Club of Canada*
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Funding provided by: U.S. Department of Transportation's Research and Innovative Technology Administration*
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