Published July 15, 2021
| Version v1
Journal article
Restricted
Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae)
Description
Vela-Vargas, I Mauricio, Jorgenson, Jeffrey P, González-Maya, José F, Koprowski, John L, Rose, Robert K, Owen, Pamela R, Hamilton, Meredith J (2021): Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae). Mammalian Species 53 (1006): 78-94, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/seab008, URL: https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/53/1006/78/6321968
Files
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:402BFF9AFFCAC155FFC3FFADFF9EFFFD
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/402BFF9AFFCAC155FFC3FFADFF9EFFFD
References
- AGNARSSON, I., M. KUNTNER, AND L. J. MAY-COLLADO. 2010. Dogs, cats, and kin: a molecular species-level phylogeny of Carnivora. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54:726-745.
- ALBARRACiN, V., AND E. ALIAGA-ROSSEL. 2018. Bearly guilty: understanding human-Andean bear conflict regarding crop losses. Ethnobiology Letters 9:323-332.
- ALBARRACiN, V., S. PAISLEY, E. ALIAGA-ROSSEL, AND X. VeLEZ-LIENDO. 2013. State of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in Bolivia. P. 739 in Molecular population genetics, evolutionary biology, and biological conservation of Neotropical Carnivores (M. Ruiz-Garcia and J. Shosteli, eds.). Nova Publishers, New York.
- ALBERICO, M., A. CADENA, J. HERNaNDEZ-CAMACHO, AND Y. MUnOZSABA. 2000. Mamiferos (Synapsida: Theria) de Colombia. Biota Colombiana 1:43-75.
- ALLEN, G. 1942. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere with the marine species of all the oceans. American Committee for International Wildlife Protection. Special Publication 11-1:1-620.
- ANDERSON, S. 1997. Mammals of Bolivia, taxonomy and distribution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 231:1-652.
- ANDRADE, M., G. ESPINOZA, AND J. MONCADA. 2019. Percepcion de actores clave acerca del conflicto ser humano-oso en la parroquia Plaza Guitierrez, Intag, Imbabura, Ecuador. Mammalia aequatorialis 1:43-50.
- ANONYMOUS. 2017. International studbooks for rare species of wild animals in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 51:458-488.
- APPLETON, R. D., R. C. VAN HORN, K. V. NOYCE, T. J. SPADY, R. R. SWAISGOOD, AND P. ARCESE. 2018. Phenotypic plasticity in the timing of reproduction in Andean bears. Journal of Zoology 305:196-202.
- ARIAS-BERNAL, L., AND E. YARTO-JARAMILLO. 2019. Medicine of captive Andean bears. Pp. 548-554 in Miller - Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine current therapy (E. Miller, N. Lamberski, and P. Calle, eds.). Vol. 9. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- ARIAS-VaSQUEZ, J. Y. 2017. Analisis filogeografico del Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) a traves de todo su rango geografico de distribucion mediante tres genes mitocondriales. M.S. thesis, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.
- ARMENTERAS, D., F. GAST, AND H. VILLAREAL. 2003. Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia. Biological Conservation 113:245-256.
- ARMENTERAS, D., N. RODRiGUEZ, J. RETANA, AND M. MORALES. 2011. Understanding deforestation in montane and lowland forests of the Colombian Andes. Regional Environmental Change 11:693-705.
- AZURDUY, C., AND X. VELEZ-LIENDO. 2001. Nota sobre presencia, uso e importanbcia de los bosques de Polylepis como parte del habitat del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en la cuenca alta del Rio Canon. Revista Boliviana de Ecologia 9:79-84.
- BARBON, A. 2013. Alopecia syndrome in a spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus): a case report. Solitaire 24:14-18.
- RANGEL. 2018. Conflicto humano-oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en San Francisco de Sigsipamba, Provicia de Imbabura, Ecuador. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia 8:81-95.
- BININDA-EMONDS, O. R. P. 1998. Towards comprehensive phylogenies: examples within the Carnivora (Mammalia). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- BISBAL, F. J. 1993. Human impact on the carnivores of Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 28:145-156.
- BLOXAM, Q. 1977. Breeding the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus at Jersey zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 17:158-161.
- BOURNE, D. C., J. M. CRACKNELL, AND H. J. BACON. 2010. Veterinary issues related to bears (Ursidae). International Zoo Yearbook 44:16-32.
- CABRERA, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia' 4:iv + 308.
- CABRERA, A., AND J. YEPES. 1940. Mamiferos sudamericanos. Vida, costumbres y descripcion. Compania Argentina de Editores, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CaCERES-MARTiNEZ, C. H., A. A. ACEVEDO, J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA, C. H. CACERES-MARTiNEZ, A. A. ACEVEDO RINCoN, AND J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA. 2016. Terrestrial medium and large-sized mammal's diversity and activity patterns from Tama National Natural Park and buffer zone, Colombia. Therya 7:285-298.
- CaCERES-MARTiNES, C., A. ACEVEDO-RINCoN, J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA, AND L. R. SaNCHEZ-MONTANO. 2018. State of knowledge and strategues of conservation of the Andean Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northeast of Colombia. P. 26 in Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Bear Research and Mangement (S. Molina, et al., eds.). Quito, Ecuador.
- CaCERES-MARTiNEZ, C. H., A. A. ACEVEDO-RINCoN, AND L. R. SaNCHEZMONTAnO. 2015. Registros de plasticos en la ingesta de Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) y de Nasuella olivacea (Carnivora: Procyonidae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tama, Colombia. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86:839-842.
- CaCERES-MARTiNEZ, C. H., L. R. SaNCHEZ MONTANO, A. A. ACEVEDO, AND J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA. 2020. Diet of Andean bears in Tama National Natural Park, Colombia. Ursus 31:1-11.
- CARDOZO-DE-ALMEIDA, M., P. M. LINARDI, AND J. COSTA. 2003. The type specimens of chewing lice (Insecta, Mallophaga) deposited in the entomological collection of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98:233-240.
- CARO,T. 2009. Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364:537-548.
- CASELLI, C., AND L. MATURRANO. 2016. Sexaje molecular a partir de heces en osos de anteojos (Tremarctos ornatus). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru 27:252-258.
- CASTELLANOS, A. 2003. Ecology of re-introducted Andean bears in the Paquipucuna Biological Reserve, Ecuador: conservation implications. Re-introduction News 23:32-34.
- CASTELLANOS, A. 2006. Cannibalism in Andean bears? International Bear News 15:20-21.
- CASTELLANOS,A.2010.Andean bear den found in Cloud forest.International Bear News 19:4-6.
- CASTELLANOS, A. 2011. Andean bear home ranges in the Intag region, Ecuador. Ursus 22:65-73.
- CASTELLANOS, A. 2014. Co-occurrence of Andean bear and mountain tapir at Papallacta region, Cayambe-Coca National Park, Ecuador: a brief description. International Bear News 23:20-21.
- CASTELLANOS, A. 2015. Maternal behavior of a female Andean bear in the Paramo of cayambe Coca National Park, Ecuador. International Bear News 24:32-33.
- CASTELLANOS, A. P., M. B. ALTAMIRANO, AND G. A. TAPIA. 2005. Ecologia y comportamiento de osos andinos reintroducidos en la reserva biologica Maquipucuna, Ecuador: implicaciones en la conservacion. Politecnica 26:198-209.
- CASTELLANOS, A., L. ARIAS, D. JACKSON, AND R. CASTELLANOS. 2010. Hematological and serum biochemical values of Andean bears in Ecuador. Ursus 21:115-120.
- CASTELLANOS, A., D. A. JACKSON, AND L. ARIAS. 2016a. Guidelines for the rescue, rehabilitation, release and post-release monitoring of Andean bears. Andean Bear Foundation, Quito, Ecuador.
- CASTELLANOS, A. X., D. A. JACKSON, AND M. ASCANTA. 2019. Are reports of cub abandonment in Andean bears a result of increasing human encroachment? International Bear News 28:14-15.
- CASTELLANOS, A., M. PILLAJO, AND F. TORRES. 2016b. Andean bear cannibalism in northern Ecuador. International Bear News 25:28.
- CHADID, M. A., L. M. DaVALOS, J. MOLINA, AND D. ARMENTERAS. 2015. A Bayesian spatial model highlights distinct dynamics in deforestation from coca and pastures in an Andean biodiversity hotspot. Forests 6:3828-3846.
- CHANDRASEKAR, M., A. A. BHAT, AND C. BALACHANDRAN. 2016. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Indian Veterinary Journal 93:52-54.
- CHRISTIANSEN, P. 2007. Canine morphology in the larger Felidae: implications for feeding ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91:573-592.
- CHRISTIANSEN, P. 2008a. Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats (Carnivora: Felidae). PLoS ONE 3:e2807.
- CHRISTIANSEN, P. 2008b. Feeding ecology and morphology of the upper canines in bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). Journal of Morphology 269:896-908.
- CHRISTIANSEN, P., AND S. WROE. 2007. Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores. Ecology 88:347-358.
- CHUNG, C. L. 2006. Contribucion al conocimiento de los habitos alimentarios del oso andino, Tremarctos ornatus, en el bosque montano Bosques de Ramos, Ayabaca-Piura. Departamento de Mastozoologia, Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado". UNMSM:12.
- COOPER, J. 1999. A thymona in an Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus. Dodo 35:67-69.
- COSSE, M., J. F. DEL MORAL SACHETTI, N. MANNISE, AND M. ACOSTA. 2014. Genetic evidence confirms presence of Andean bears in Argentina. Ursus 25:163-171.
- CRESPO-GASCoN, S., AND J. GUERRERO-CASADO. 2019. The role of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) as an umbrella species for Andean ecoregions. Wildlife Research 46:176-183.
- CUESTA, F., M. F. PERALVO, AND F. T. VAN MANEN. 2003. Andean bear habitat use in the Oyacachi River Basin, Ecuador. Ursus 14:198-209.
- CUEVA, D. F., B. GUTIERREZ, G. BRUQUE, S. MOLINA, AND M. L. TORRES. 2018. Mitochondrial DNA reveals low genetic diversity in Ecuadorian Andean bears. Ursus 29:43-50.
- CUVIER, F. 1825. Ours des Cordilleres du Chill. Histoire Naturelle des Mammiferes, avec des figures originales, coloriees, dessinees d'apres des animaux vivans (G. Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, eds.). 50th ed. Published under the authority of the administration of Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, France, Paris.
- DATHE,V.H.1967. Bemerkugen zur Aufzucht von Brillenbaren, Tremarctos ornatus (Cuv.), in Tierpark Berlin. Zoologische 34:105-133.
- DaVALOS, L. M., A. C. BEJARANO, M. A. HALL, H. L. CORREA, A. CORTHALS, AND O. J. ESPEJO. 2011. Forests and drugs: coca-driven deforestation in tropical biodiversity hotspots. Environmental Science and Technology 45:1219-1277.
- DAVIS, D. 1955. Masticatory apparatus in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus. Fieldiana Zoology 37:25-46.
- DAVIS, D. 1958. Tarsal ligaments of the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus. Fieldiana: Zoology 39:91-105.
- DEL MORAL, J. F., AND A. E. BRACHO. 2005. Evidence of Andean bear in northwest Argentina. International Bear News 14:31-32.
- DEL MORAL, J. F., AND A. E. BRACHO. 2009. Indicios indirectos de la presencia del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825) en el noroeste de Argentina. Revista Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 11:69-76.
- ELOWSON, M. 1988. Mother/Cub vocal communication in the captive Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). P. 132 in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Spectacled bear. Chicago, Illinois.
- EMSLIE, S. 1995. The fossil record of Arctodus pristinus (Ursidae: Tremarctinae) in Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. Biological Sciences 37:501-514.
- ENCISO, M. H. 2013. Caracterizacao da atividade ovariana no Ursode-oculos (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825) mediante analise de metabolitos fecais de esteroides sexuais. M.S. thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- ENCISO, M. H., L. L. BERMuDEZ, S. V. EVANGELISTA, G. M. ROJAS, AND W. L. HUANCA. 2006. Estudio preliminar de coleccion de semen en oso de anteojos (Tremarctos ornatus). Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru 17:77-80.
- ENCISO, M., AND M. VaSQUEZ. 2007. Some observations on Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) ovaries. International Bear News 16:13-14.
- ESCOBAR, F. S. 2003. Feeding habits and distributional records of 11 species of neotropical Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 57:131-132.
- ESCOBAR-LASSO, S., J. CEPEDA-DUQUE, M. GIL-FERNANDEZ, AND J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA. 2020. Is the banana ripe? - Andean bearhuman conflict in a protected area of Colombia. Human - Wildlife Interactions 14:1-17.
- FALCONI, N. 2019. Spectacled bear database for Peru. Version 1.4. Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/375eb3feaf43-4d37-815a-d8bd891e8ca5 (11 March 2021, date last accessed).
- FALCONI, N., T. K. FULLER, S. DESTEFANO, AND J. F. ORGAN. 2020. An open access, occurrence database for Andean bears in Peru. Ursus 31:1-7.
- FIGUEIRIDO, B., P. PALMQVIST, AND J. A. PeREZ-CLAROS. 2009. Ecomorphological correlates of craniodental variation in bears and paleobiological implications for extinct taxa: an approach based on geometric morphometrics. Journal of Zoology 277:70-80.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2012. Presencia del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) en el bosque tropical amazonico del Peru. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 28:594-606.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2013a. Composicion de la dieta de Oso Andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) en nueve areas naturales protegidas del Peru. Therya 4:327-359.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2013b. Revision de la dieta del Oso Andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) en America del Sur nuevos registros para Peru. Revista Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 15:1-27.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2014. Trafico de partes e individuos del oso andino Tremarctos Ornatus en el Peru. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 38:177-190.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2015a. Interacciones humano-oso andino Tremarctos ornatus en el Peru: consumo de cultivos y depredacion de ganado. Therya 6:251-278.
- FIGUEROA, J. 2015b. New records of parasites in free-ranging Andean bears from Peru. Ursus 26:21-27.
- FIGUEROA, J., AND M. STUCCHI. 2008. Las cactaceas en la dieta del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus en el Peru. Quepo 22:21-28.
- FIGUEROA, J., AND M. STUCCHI. 2013. Presencia del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) en el corredor de conservacion Vilcabamba-Amboro, sureste del Peru. Therya 4:511-538.
- FILIPCZYKOVa, E., I. HEITKoNIG, A. CASTELLANOS, W. HANTSON, AND S. STEYAERT. 2016. Marking behavior of Andean bears in an Ecuadorian cloud forest: a pilot study. Ursus 27:122-128.
- FITZGERALD, C., AND P. R. KRAUSMAN. 2002. Helarctos malayanus. Mammalian Species 696:1-5.
- FLOREZ, Y. 1975. Excavaciones en el Mirador, Pacopampa. Seminario de Historia Rural Andino, Lima, Peru.
- FORSTENPOINTNER, G., AND G. E. WEISSENGRUBER. 2000. Morphological considerations on pharyngeal pouches in bears (Ursidae). Advances in Ethology 35:62.
- FREDERICK, C., K. E. HUNT, R. KYES, D. COLLINS, AND S. K. WASSER. 2012. Reproductive timing and aseasonality in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Journal of Mammalogy 93:522-531.
- GARCIA, N., AND J. BETANCUR. 2002. Dos especies nuevas de Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae). Caldasia 24:1-7.
- GARCiA-RANGEL, S. 2012. Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus natural history and conservation. Mammal Review 42:85-119.
- GARSHELIS, D. L. 2009. Family Ursidae. Pp. 448-497 in Handbook of the mammals of the world: carnivores (E. Wilson and R. Mittermeier, eds.). Lynx Edictions, Barcelona, Spain.
- GARSHELIS, D. L. 2011. Andean bear density and abundance estimates- how reliable and useful are they? Ursus 22:47-64.
- GENSCH, W. 1965. Birth and rearing of a spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) at Dresden Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 5:111.
- GERVAIS, P. M. 1855. Histoire naturelle de mammiferes avec l'indication de leurs moeurs, et de leurs rapports avec les arts, le commerce et l'agriculture. L. Curmer, Paris, France.
- GILL, T. 1874. On the genera Tremarctos, Gervais (Nearctos, Gray), and Aelurina, Gervais (Ailurogale, Fitz). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology 13:15-16.
- GOLDMAN, I., S. SILVER, AND E. DIERENFELD. 2001. Passage and digestion in the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) fed a Zoo-based diet moderately high in fiber. P. 250 in Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) Nutrition Advisory Group Fourth Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition (M. Edwards, K. Lisi, M. Schegel, and R. Bray, eds.). Fourth NAG Conference Publications, Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
- GOLDSTEIN, I. 1991. Are spectacled bear's tree nest feeding platform or resting places? Mammalia 55:433-434.
- GOLDSTEIN, I. 1992. Distribucion., presencia y conservacion del Oso Frontino en Venezuela. Biollania 9:171-182.
- GOLDSTEIN, I. R. 2002. Andean bear-cattle interactions and tree nest use in Bolivia and Venezuela. Ursus 13:369-372.
- GOLDSTEIN, I. R. 2004. Andean bear use of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia fendleri at Quebrada el Molino, Venezuela.Ursus 15:54-56.
- GOLDSTEIN, I., V. GUERRERO, AND R. MORENO. 2008. Are there Andean bears in Panama? Ursus 19:185-189.
- GOLDSTEIN, I., S. PAISLEY, R. WALLACE, J. P. JORGENSON, F. CUESTA, AND A. CASTELLANOS. 2006. Andean bear-livestock conflicts: a review. Ursus 17:8-15.
- GONZALES, F. N., J. NEIRA-LLERENA, G. LLERENA, AND H. ZEBALLOS. 2016. Small vertebrates in the spectacled bear's diet (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825) in the north of Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia 23:61-66.
- GOTCH, A. 1979. Mammals, their Latin names explained: a guide to animal classification. Blandford Press, Poole, United Kingdom.
- GRAY, J. E. 1864. A revision of the genera and species of ursine animals (Ursidae), founded on the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864:677-709.
- GRAY, J. E. 1873. On the skull of the spectacled bear of Peru and of the Helarctos from Malacca and Java. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology 12:182-183.
- GUERRERO, R., AND A. CASTELLANOS. 2016. First record of Baylisascaris transfuga (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in an Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) Ecuador. International Bear News 25:24.
- GUERRERO-CASADO, J., AND R. H. ZAMBRANO. 2020. The worrisome conservation status of ecosystems within the distribution range of the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ursidae) in Ecuador. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12:16204-16209.
- HALL, A. L. 2017. International spectacled bear studbook. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, New Jersey.
- HERNANI-LINEROS, L., E. GARCIA, AND L. F. PACHECO. 2020. Andean bear diet near to and far from a road. Ursus 31:1-7.
- HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1957. On the possible occurrence of the spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier), in Panama. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 5:122-123.
- HIRATA,Y. 1987. The gigantopyramidal agranular field in the cerebral cortices of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Pp. 135-142 in Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Giant Panda. Tokyo Zoological Park Society, Tokyo, Japan.
- HORNADAY, W. 1911. The spectacled bear. Zoological Society Bulletin 45:747-748.
- HORSFIELD, T. 1825. Description of the Helarctos euryspilus; exhibiting in the bear from the island of Borneo, the type of a subgenus of Ursus. Zoological Journal 2:221-234.
- JAMPEL, C. 2016. Cattle-based livelihoods, changes in the taskscape, and human-bear conflict in the Ecuadorian Andes. Geoforum 69:84-93.
- JIANGZUO, Q., AND J. J. FLYNN. 2020. The earliest ursine bear demostrates the origin of plant-dominated omnivory in Carnivora. Iscience 23:1-21.
- JORGENSON, J. P., AND S. SANDOVAL-A. 2005. Andean bear management needs and interactions with humans in Colombia. Ursus 16:108-116.
- KATTAN, G., ET AL. 2004. Range fragmentation in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus in the northern Andes. Oryx 38:155-163.
- KITCHENER, A. C. 2010. Taxonomic issues in bears: impacts on conservation in zoos and the wild, and gaps in current knowledge. International Zoo Yearbook 44:33-46.
- KLEINER, J. D., R. C.VAN HORN, J. E. SWENSON, AND S. M. J. G. STEYAERT. 2018. Rub-tree selection by Andean bears in the Peruvian dry forest. Ursus 29:58-66.
- KNAUF, T., ET AL. 2003. Comparative investigations on reproduction biology in different bear species - anatomical, ultrasonographic and endocrine investigations. Verhandlungsbericht uber Erkrankungen der Zootiere 41:287-296.
- KRAUSE, J., ET AL. 2008. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:1-12.
- KUHME,W. 1991. Haltung und Fortpflanzung von Brillenbaren (Tremarctos ornatus) im Kolner Zoo. Der Zoologische Garten 61:29-47.
- LARIVIERE, S. 2001. Ursus americanus. Mammalian Species 647:1-11.
- LENGWINAT, V. T., M. QUEST, F. GORITZ, W. TSCHERNER, AND L. KOLTER. 2001. Zur embryonalruhe des brillenbaren (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825). Der Zoologische Garten 71:137-146.
- LESSON, R. 1827. Manuel de Mammalogie, ou historie naturelle des mamiferes. Roret, Libraire, Paris, France.
- LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae, Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Sweden.
- LUZURIAGA, M. G. 2014. Estudio quimico y parasitologico de muestras fecales del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) provenientes de 2 reservas ecologicas, 2 zoologicos y 1 centro de rescate en el Ecuador. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
- MARiA, A. 1924. Tremarctos lasallei. Boletin Sociedad Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 13:113-118.
- MaRQUEZ, G., AND V. PACHECO. 2010. Nuevas evidencias de la presencia del Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en las Yungas de Puno, el registro mas austral de Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia 17:377-380.
- MARTiNEZ, O., J. RECHBERGER, J. VEDIA-KENNEDY, AND M. THIBEAULT. 2008. Mamiferos medianos y grandes de la Serrania del Aguarague, Tarija (Bolivia). Mastozoologia Neotropical 15:335-348.
- MICHEL, G., K. ELZE, AND S. SEIFERT. 1983. Zur Enbryonalentwicklung des Baren unter besonderer beachtung des Baues der Plazenta. Zoologische Garten 53:290-294.
- MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y AGUA DEL ECUADOR. 2020. Plan de accion para la conservacion del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador.
- MINISTERIO DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE. 2001. Programa nacional para la conservacion en Colombia del Oso Andino Tremarctos ornatus. Bogota, Colombia.
- MITCHELL, K. J., ET AL. 2016. Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America. Biology Letters 12:2-5.
- MOLINA, S., A. K. FULLER, D. J. MORIN, AND J. A. ROYLE. 2017. Use of spatial capture-recapture to estimate density of Andean bears in northern Ecuador. Ursus 28:117-126.
- MONDOLFI, E. 1971. El Oso Frontino (Tremarctos ornatus). Defensa de la Naturaleza 1:31-35.
- MONDOLFI, E. 1983. The feet and baculum of the spectacled bear, with comments on ursid phylogeny. American Society of Mammalogists 64:307-310.
- MONDOLFI, E. 1989. Notes on the distribution, habitat, food habits, status and conservation of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier) in Venezuela. Mammalia 53:525-544.
- MORRELL, N. 2018. Conservation planning at multiple scales: a density model and spatial planning tool to facilitate the conservation of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) and the Northern Andes. M.S. thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- NASH, W. G., AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1987. A comparative chromosome banding analysis of the ursidae and their relationship to other carnivores. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 45:206-212.
- NASSAR-MONTOYA, F., ET AL. 1997. Estudio Clinico del Oso de Anteojos (Tremarctos ornatus). P. 54 in Investigacion en el Parque 1994- 1995. Universidad de la Salle, Parque Jaime Duque, Bogota, Colombia.
- NEWNHAM, R., AND W. DAVIDSON. 1966. Comparative study of the karyotypes of several species in Carnivora including the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Cytogenetics 5:152-163.
- NEWNHAM, R., AND W. DAVIDSON. 1967. Authors addemdum to: comparative study of the karyotypes of several species in Carnivora, including the giant panda (Ailutopoda melanoleuca). Cytogenetics 6:156-157.
- NICOLAU, A., K. LEMBERGER, M. MOSCA, A. LECLERC, A. LeCU, AND D. PIN. 2018. Clinical and histopathological aspects of an alopecia syndrome in captive Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus). Veterinary Dermatology 29:234-e85.
- NOWAK, R. 1999. Walker's mammals of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- OSGOOD, W. 1911. Mammals from western Venezuela and Eastern Colombia. Field Museum of Natural History - Zoology 10:33-66.
- OTaLORA-ARDILA, A. 2003. Mammals of the oak forest. Acta Biologica Colombiana 8:57-71.
- OWEN, M., J. SHANKS, M. SUTHERLAND-SMITH, G. THOMAS, AND R. VAN HORN. 2009. Update on an investigation into a chronic skin disorder among captive Andean bears in North America. International Bear News 18:25-26.
- PAISLEY, S. 2001. Andean bears and people in Apolobamba, Bolivia: culture, conflict and conservation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
- PAISLEY, S., AND D. L. GARSHELIS. 2006. Activity patterns and time budgets of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Apolobamba Range of Bolivia. Journal of Zoology 268:25-34.
- PAISLEY, S., AND N. J. SAUNDERS. 2010. A god forsaken: the sacred bear in Andean iconography and cosmology. World Archaeology 42:245-260.
- PARQUES NACIONALES NATURALES DE COLOMBIA, AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY. 2018. Estrategia para la conservacion de oso andino en los Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (2016- 2031). Bogota, Colombia.
- PARRA-ROMERO, A., R. GALINDO-TARAZONA, J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA, AND I. M. VELA-VARGAS. 2019. Not eating alone: andean bear time patterns and potential social scavenging behaviors. Therya 10:49-53.
- PEEL, R., J. PRICE, AND P. KARSTEN. 1979. Mother rearing of a spectacled bear cub Tremarctos ornatus at Calgary Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 19:177-182.
- PeREZ MATA, A., H. GARCiA PeREZ, AND J. GAUTA PARRA. 2016. Morphological and molecular description of Baylisascaris venezuelensis, n. sp. from a natural infection in the South American spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825 in Venezuela. Neotropical Helminthology 10:85-103.
- PeREZ-TORRES, J. 2001. Guia para la conservacion del oso andino y oso de anteojos Tremartcos ornatus (F.G. Cuvier, 1825). Convenio Andres Bello, Bogota, Colombia.
- PETERS, G., M. OWEN, AND L. ROGERS. 2007. Humming in bears: a peculiar sustained mammalian vocalization. Acta Theriologica 52:379-389.
- PEYTON, B. 1980. Ecology, distribution, and food habits of spectacled bears, Tremarctos ornatus, in Peru. Journal of Mammalogy 61:639-652.
- PEYTON, B. 1981. Spectacled bears in Peru. Oryx 16:48-56.
- PEYTON, B. 1987. Habitat components of the spectacled bear in Machu Picchu, Peru. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:127-133.
- PEYTON, B. 1999. Spectacled bear conservation action plan. Pp. 157-198 in Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (C. Servheen, S. Herrero, and B. Peyton, eds.). IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.
- PEYTON, B., E. YERENA, D. I. RUMIZ, J. P. JORGENSON, AND J. OREJUELA. 1998. Status of wild Andean bears and policies for their management. Ursus 10:87-100.
- RAMSAY, E. 2003. Ursidae and Hyaenidae. Zoo and wild animal medicine (M. Fowler and E. Miller, eds.). 5th ed. Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri.
- RECHBERGER, J., R. B. WALLACE, AND H. TICONA. 2001. Un movimiento de larga distancia de un oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el norte del departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. Ecologia en Bolivia 36:73-74.
- ReYES, A., ET AL. 2018. Estructura y reproduccion de la problacion de la poblacion de osos andinos en el macizo de Chingaza, centro de la coordillera oriental colombiana. P. 227 in Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Bear Research and Mangement (S. Molina, et al., eds.). Quito, Ecuador.
- ReYES, A., D. RODRiGUEZ, N. REYES-AMAYA, D. RODRiGUEZ-CASTRO, H. RESTREPO, AND M. URQUIJO. 2017. Comparative efficiency of photographs and videos for individual identification of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in camera trapping. Therya 8:83-87.
- RiOS-UZEDA, B., H. GoMEZ, AND R. B. WALLACE. 2006. Habitat preferences of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Bolivian Andes. Journal of Zoology 268:271-278.
- RiOS-UZEDA, B., H. GoMEZ, AND R. B. WALLACE. 2007. A preliminary density estimate for Andean bear using camera-trapping methods. Ursus 18:124-128.
- RIVADENEIRA-CANEDO, C. 2008. Estudio del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) como dispersor legitimo de semillas y elementos de su dieta en la region de Apolobamba-Bolivia. Ecologia en Bolivia 43:29-39.
- RODRiGUEZ, D., ET AL. 2019a. Macizo Chingaza: Tierra de osos, tierra de gente, !tierra de todos! Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia.
- RODRiGUEZ, D., ET AL. 2020. Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance at the buffer zone of the Chingaza National Natural Park, cordillera oriental of the Colombian andes. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 60:1-7.
- RODRiGUEZ, D., F. CUESTA, I. GOLDSTEIN, L. NARANJO, AND O. HERNaNDEZ. 2003. Estrategia ecorregional para la conservacion del oso andino - Tremarctos ornatus - en los Andes del norte. World Wildlife Fund, Bogota, Colombia.
- RODRiGUEZ, A., R. GOMEZ, A. MORENO, C. CUELLAR, AND D. J. LIZCANO. 2014. Record of a mountain tapir attacked by an Andean bear on a camera trap. Tapir Conservation 23:25-26.
- RODRiGUEZ, D., A. ReYES, AND S. GALLEGOS-SaNCHEZ. 2019b. Northernmost distribution of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in South America, and fragmentation of its associated Andean forest and Paramo ecosystems. Therya 10:161-170.
- RODRiGUEZ, D., N. ReYES, A. ReYES, AND J. RODRiGUEZ. 2013. Convenio de cooperacion especial 200-12-17 Corporacion Autonoma Regional CORPOGUAVIO - Y Fundacion para la Investigacion, conservacion y proteccion del Oso Andino - WII. Bogota, Colombia.
- RODRiGUEZ-CLARK, K. M., AND A. SaNCHEZ-MERCADO. 2006. Population management of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges: lessons from Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. Biological Conservation 129:134-148.
- ROSENTHAL, M. A. 1987. International studbook for the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier, 1825). Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.
- ROTH, H. 1964. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier). Zoologische Garten 29:107-129.
- RUIZ-GARCIA, M. 2003. Molecular population genetic analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northern Andean area. Hereditas 93:81-93.
- RUIZ-GARCiA, M., J. Y. ARIAS-VaSQUEZ, A. CASTELLANOS, L. KOLTER, AND J. M. SHOSTELL. 2020a. Molecular evolution (mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellites) in the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus: Ursidae, Carnivora): how many ESUs are there? Pp. 164-194 in Conservation genetics in mammals: integrative research using novel approaches (J. Ortega and J. E. Maldonado, eds.). Springer International Publishing, New York.
- RUIZ-GARCiA, M., J. Y. ARIAS-VaSQUEZ, H. RESTREPO, C. H. CaCERESMARTiNEZ, AND J. M. SHOSTELL. 2020b. The genetic structure of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Colombia by means of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Journal of Mammalogy 101:1072-1090.
- RUIZ-GARCiA, M., A. CASTELLANOS, J. Y. ARIAS-VaSQUEZ, AND J. M. SHOSTELL. 2020c. Genetics of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus ; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Ecuador: when the Andean Cordilleras are not an obstacle. Mitochondrial DNA Part A 31:190-208.
- RUIZ GARCIA, M., P. OROZCO-TERWENGEL, A. CASTELLANOS, AND L. ARIAS. 2005. Microsatellite analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) across its range distribution. Genes & Genetic Systems 80:57-69.
- RUIZ-GARCIA, M., P. OROZCO-TERWENGEL, E. PAYaN, AND A. CASTELLANOS. 2003. Genetica molecular de poblaciones aplicada al estudio de dos grandes carnivoros neotropicales (Tremarctos ornatus Cuvier, 1825- Oso Andino y Panthera onca Linne, 1758-Jaguar): lecciones de conservacion. Bolentin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 98:135-158.
- RUMIZ, D. I., ET AL. 2012. El ucumar (Tremarctos ornatus), mito y realidad de su presencia en la Argentina. Mastozoologia Neotropical 19:359-366.
- SACCO, T., AND B. VAN VALKENBURGH. 2004. Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). Journal of Zoology 263:41-54.
- SALAZAR, J., AND S. ANDERSON. 1990. Informe sobre el estado actual del conocimiento del oso andino en Bolivia. Ecologia en Bolivia 15:3-23.
- SALESA, M. J., G. SILICEO, M. ANTON, J. ABELLA, P. MONTOYA, AND J. MORALES. 2006. Anatomy of the "false thumb" of Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae): phylogenetic and functional implications. Estudios Geologicos 62:389-394.
- SANCHEZ-ARBOUIN, R., AND F. NASSAR-MONTOYA. 1997. Estudio reproductivo y congelacion de semen del oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus). P. 54 in Investigacion en el Parque 1994-1995. Universidad de la Salle, Parque Jaime Duque, Bogota, Colombia.
- SaNCHEZ-MERCADO, A., J. R. FERRER-PARIS, S. GARCiA-RANGEL, E. YERENA, B. A. ROBERTSON, AND K. M. RODRiGUEZ-CLARK. 2014. Combining threat and occurrence models to predict potential ecological traps for Andean bears in the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela. Animal Conservation 17:388-398.
- SaNCHEZ-MERCADO, A., J. R. FERRER-PARIS, E. YERENA, S. GARCiARANGEL, AND K. M. RODRiGUEZ-CLARK. 2008. Factors affecting poaching risk to vulnerable Andean bears Tremarctos ornatus in the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela: space, parks and people. Oryx 42:437-447.
- SAPORITI, E. 1949. Contribucion al conocimiento de la biologia del oso de lentes. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 147:3-12.
- SERRANO-VILLAVICENCIO, J.E, BARTOLETTI T AND C. BUENO. 2020. Mammals collected by Johann Jakob von Tschudi during 1838-1842 for the Museum d'Historie Naturelle de Neuchatel, Switzerland. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Ciencias Naturais 15:905-931. http://doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v15i3.249
- SCHAUL, J. 2006. Baylisascaris transfuga in captive and free-ranging population of bears (Family: Ursidae). Ph.D dissertation. The Ohio State University, Columbus.
- SCHINZ, H. 1845. Ursus fructilegus. Systematisches verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Saugethiere. Vol. 1. Jent and Gassmann, Solothurn, Switzerland.
- SCHoNBAUER, S., S. KOLBL, AND A. SCHoNBAUER-LANGLE. 1984. Perinatale staipeinfektion bei drei eisbaren (Ursus maritimus) und bei einem brililenbaren (Tremarctos ornatus). Pp. 131-136 in Verhandlungsbericht des Internationalen symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zootiere. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
- SCLATER, P. L. 1868. Remarks upon a bear recently added to the Society's Menagerie (Plate VIII). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1868:71-73.
- SEAL, U. S., N. PHILLIPS, AND A. ERICKSON. 1970. Carnivora systematics: immunological relationships of bear serum albumins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 32:33-48.
- SEAL, U. S., W. SWAIM, AND A. ERICKSON. 1967. Hematology of the Ursidae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 22:451-460.
- SERFOR (SERVICIO NACIONAL FORESTAL Y DE FAUNA SILVESTRE). 2016. Plan nacional para la conservacion del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el Peru: periodo 2016-2026. Lima, Peru.
- SOIBELZON, L., M. ROMERO, D. AGUILAR, AND V. TARTARINI. 2008. A Blancan (Pliocene) short-faced bear from El Salvador and its implications for tremarctines in South America. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen 250:1-8.
- SOIBELZON, L. H., E. P. TONNI, AND M. BOND. 2005. The fossil record of South American short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 20:105-113.
- SOLARI, S., Y. MUnOZ-SABA, J. V. RODRiGUEZ-MAHECHA, T. R. DEFLER, H. E. RAMiREZ-CHAVES, AND F. TRUJILLO. 2013. Riqueza, endemismo y conservacion de los mamiferos de Colombia. Mastozoologia Neotropical 20:301-365.
- SORIANO, P. J., A. D. DE PASCUAL, J. OCHOA G., AND M. AGUILERA. 1999. Biogeographic analysis of the mammal communities in the Venezuelan Andes. Interciencia 24:17-23.
- SPADY, T. J., D. G. LINDBURG, AND B. S. DURRANT. 2007. Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears. Mammal Review 37:21-53.
- STAHL, P. W., AND J. S. ATHENS. 2001. A high elevation zooarchaeological assemblage from the northern Andes of Ecuador. Journal of Field Archaeology 21:161-176.
- STOCK, C. 1950. Bears from the pleistocene cave of San Josesito, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 40:317-321.
- STUCCHI, M., AND J. FIGUEROA. 2013. Morfologia craneo-mandibular del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae). Therya 4:485-509.
- STUCCHI, M., R. SALAS-GISMONDI, P. BABY, J.-L. GUYOT, AND B. J. SHOCKEY. 2009. A 6,000+ year-old specimen of a spectacled bear from an Andean cave in Peru. Ursus 20:63-68.
- SuAREZ, M. 1985. Habitos alimenticios y distribucion del oso de anteojos, Tremarctos ornatus, en el paramo suroriental del volcan Antisana, Ecuador. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
- SUAREZ, L. 1988. Seasonal distribution and food habits of spectacled bears Tremarctos omatus in the highlands of Ecuador. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 23:133-136.
- TEDFORD, R.H., AND J. MARTIN. 2001. Plionarctos, a Tremarctine bear (Ursidae: Carnivora) from Western north America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:311-321.
- THENIUS,V. E. 1976.Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Tremarctos (Ursidae, Mammalia). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 41:109-114.
- THOMAS, O. 1902. On the bear of Ecuador. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology 9:215-217.
- TIAN, Y., W. NIE, J. WANG, M. A. FERGUSON-SMITH, AND F. YANG. 2004. Chromosome evolution in bears: reconstructing phylogenetic relationships by cross-species chromosome painting. Chromosome Research 12:55-63.
- TIRIRA, D. G. 2009. Mamiferos ecuatorianos en museos de historia natural y colecciones cientificas: 1. El Museo de Historia Natural de Ginebra (Suiza). Historia 8:74-100.
- TRAJANO, E., AND H. FERRAREZZI. 1995. A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South American extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14:552-561.
- TROYA, V., F. CUESTA, AND M. PERALVO. 2004. Food habits of Andean bears in the Oyacachi River Basin, Ecuador. Ursus 15:57-60.
- TSCHUDI, J. 1844. Ursus fugilegus. Pp. 88-95 in Untersuchugen uber due Fauna Peruana (J. Tschudi and J. L. Cabanis, eds.). Scheitlin and Zollikofer, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- URREGO-CORREAL, G. 1990. Aguazuque. Evidencias de cazadores, recolectores y plantaciones en la altiplanicie de la cordillera oriental. Fundacion de Investigaciones Arqueologicas Nacionales Banco de la Republica, Bogota, Colombia.
- VAN HORN, R., R. APPLETON, AND J. AMANZO. 2014a.Andean bears in two Peruvian forests are rarely photographed with meat. International Bear News 23:20-22.
- VAN HORN, R. C., M. SUTHERLAND-SMITH, A. E. BRACHO SARCOS, G. THOMAS, J. A. SHANKS, AND M. A. OWEN. 2019. The Andean bear alopecia syndrome may be caused by social housing. Zoo Biology 38:434-441.
- VAN HORN, R. C., B. ZUG, R. D.APPLETON, X. VELEZ-LIENDO, S. PAISLEY, AND C. LACOMBE. 2015. Photos provide information on age, but not kinship, of Andean bear. PeerJ 3:e1042.
- VAN HORN, R. C., B. ZUG, C. LACOMBE, X. VELEZ-LIENDO, AND S. PAISLEY. 2014b. Human visual identification of individual Andean bears Tremarctos ornatus. Wildlife Biology 20:291-299.
- VARGAS, R. R., AND C. AZURDUY. 2006. Nuevos registros del Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en el departamento de Tarija, el registro mas austral en Bolivia. Mastozoologia Neotropical 13:137-142.
- VELA-VARGAS, I. M., J. F. GONZaLEZ-MAYA, A. PINEDA-GUERRERO, AND D. ZaRRATE-CHARRY. 2014. Primer registro confirmado de Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus: Ursidae) en la Serrania de San Lucas, Bolivar, Colombia. Mammalogy Notes 1:11-12.
- VELEZ-LIENDO, X., F. ADRIAENSEN, AND E. MATTHYSEN. 2014. Landscape assessment of habitat suitability and connectivity for Andean bears in the Bolivian Tropical Andes. Ursus 25:172-187.
- VELEZ-LIENDO, X., AND S. GARCiA-RANGEL. 2017. Tremarctos ornatus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22066A123792952. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22066A45034047.en. Accessed 11 March 2021.
- VITERI, M. P. 2007. Conservation genetics of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in northeastern Ecuador: molecular tools, genetic diversity and population size. M.S. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow.
- VITERI,M. P., AND L. P.WAITS. 2009. Identifying polymorphic microsatellite loci for Andean bear research. Ursus 20:102-108.
- WEISSENGRUBER, G. E., G. FORSTENPOINTNER, A. KUBBER HEISS, K. RIEDELBERGER, H. SCHWAMMER, AND K. GANZBERGER. 2001. Occurence and structure of epipharyngeal pouches in bears (Ursidae). Journal of Anatomy 198:309-314.
- WIENBERG, J. 2004. The evolution of the eutherian chromosomes. Genomes and Evolution 14:657-666.
- WILSON, D. E., AND D. M. REEDER. 2005. Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- YERENA, E., AND D. TORRES. 1994. Spectacled bear conservation and dispersal corridors in Venezuela. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:169-172.
- YOUNG, K. 1990. Dispersal of Styrax ovatus seeds by the spectabled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Vida Silvestre Neotropical 2:68-69.
- YU, L.,Y.W. LI, O.A. RYDER, AND Y. P. ZHANG. 2007.Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7:198.
- ZAPATA-RiOS, G., AND L. C. BRANCH. 2016. Altered activity patterns and reduced abundance of native mammals in sites with feral dogs in the high Andes. Biological Conservation 193:9-16.
- ZAPATA-RiOS, G., AND L. C. BRANCH. 2018. Mammalian carnivore occupancy is inversely related to presence of domestic dogs in the high Andes of Ecuador. PLoS ONE 13:e0192346.
- ZHANG, B., ET AL. 2007. Genetic viability and population history of the giant panda, putting an end to the "evolutionary dead end"? Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:1801-1810.
- ZUKOWSKI, B., AND A. ORMSBY. 2016. Andean bear livestock depredation and community perceptions in northern Ecuador. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 21:111-126.