Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published October 1, 2018 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Gorilla beringei (Primates: Hominidae)

Authors/Creators

Description

Canington, Stephanie L (2018): Gorilla beringei (Primates: Hominidae). Mammalian Species 50 (967): 119-133, DOI: 10.1093/mspecies/sey014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey014

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:79A58EFD-EFCC-4D56-80DA-0ABB74188BB8
LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:FFA47A57FFE8FF9DFFECFFE1FF94FF9F
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/FFA47A57FFE8FF9DFFECFFE1FF94FF9F

Cites
Publication: 10.1002/ajpa.23232 (DOI)
Has part
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D022FFFE8FF9DFED4FBCEFD41FA26 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D022FFFE8FF9BFEEEF9C4FD4EFAFD (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168798 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168800 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168802 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.7168804 (DOI)

References

  • BARKS, S. K., et al. 2015. Brain organization of gorillas reflects species differences in ecology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156:252-262.
  • BERTHAUME, M. A. 2014. Tooth cusp sharpness as a dietary correlate in great apes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153:226-235.
  • BOOTH, S. N. 1971. Observations on the teeth of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 34:85-88.
  • BRADLEY, B. J., et al. 2005. Mountain gorilla tug-of-war: silverbacks have limited control over reproduction in multimale groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102:9418-9423.
  • BRONIKOWSKI, A. M., et al. 2011. Aging patterns in humans fall within the parameters of other primates in natural populations. Science 331:1325-1328.
  • CAILLAUD, D., F. NDAGIJIMANA, A. J. GIARRUSSO, V. VECELLIO, AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2014. Mountain gorilla ranging patterns: influence of group size and group dynamics. American Journal of Primatology 76:730-746.
  • CANCELLIERE, E. C., N. DEANGELIS, J. B. NKURUNUNGI, D. RAUBENHEIMER, AND J. M. ROTHMAN. 2014. Minerals in the foods eaten by mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei). PLoS One 9:e112117.
  • CARNAHAN, S. J., AND M. I. JENSEN- SEAMAN. 2008. Hominoid seminal protein evolution and ancestral mating behavior. American Journal of Primatology 70:939-948.
  • CASIMIR, M. J. 1975. Some data on the systematic position of the eastern gorilla population of the Mt. Kahuzi region (Repulique du Zaire). Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie 66:188-201.
  • COINER- COLLIER, S., et al. 2016. Primate dietary ecology in the context of food mechanical properties. Journal of Human Evolution 98:103-118.
  • CZEKALA, N., AND P. SICOTTE. 2000. Reproductive monitoring of free-ranging female mountain gorillas by urinary hormone analysis. American Journal of Primatology 51:209-215.
  • DAS, R., S. D. HERGENROTHER, I. D. SOTO- CALDERoN, J. L. DEW, N. M. ANTHONY, AND M. I. JENSEN- SEAMAN. 2014. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei) and implications for African ape biogeography. Journal of Heredity 105:846-855.
  • DIOGO, R., B. G. RICHMOND, AND B. WOOD. 2012. Evolution and homologies of primate and modern human hand and forearm muscles, with notes on thumb movements and tool use. Journal of Human Evolution 63:64-78.
  • DIOGO, R., AND B. A. WOOD. 2012. Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of primate muscles and human evolution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://www.crcpress.com/Comparative-Anatomyand-Phylogeny-of-Primate-Muscles-and-Human-Evolution/ Diogo-Wood/p/book/9781578087679.
  • DIXSON, A. F. 1981. The natural history of the gorilla. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • DORAN, D. M. 1997. Ontogeny of locomotion in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 32:323-344.
  • DORAN, D. M., and MCNEILAGE, A. 1998. Gorilla ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6:120-131.
  • DORAN, D. M., A. MCNEILAGE, D. GREER, C. BOCIAN, P. MEHLMAN, AND N. SHAH. 2002. Western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods. American Journal of Primatology 58:91-116.
  • ECKARDT, W., K.FAWCETT, AND A. W.F LETCHER. 2016. Weaned age variation in the Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): influential factors. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70:493-507.
  • ELGART, A. A. 2010. Are the gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park "true" mountain gorillas? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141:561-570.
  • ELLIOT, D. G. 1913. Review of the primates. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
  • ENOMOTO, T., K. MATSUBAYASHI, M. NAKANO, H. FUJII- HANAMOTO, AND H. KUSUNOKI. 2004. Testicular histological examination of spermatogenetic activity in captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 63:183-199.
  • EVANS, T. S., et al. 2016. Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 78:1222-1234.
  • FERRERO, E. M., J. F. PASTOR, F. D. F. FERNANDEZ, M. B. CACHORRO, R. DIOGO, AND B. WOOD. 2012. Comparative anatomy of the lower limb muscles of Hominoids: attachments, relative weights, innervation and functional morphology. Pp. 1-69 in Primates: classification, evolution, and behavior (E. F. Hughes and M. E. Hill, eds.). Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York.
  • FLEAGLE, J. G. 2013. Primate adaptation and evolution. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
  • FOSSEY, D. 1972. Vocalizations of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Animal Behaviour 20:36-53.
  • FOSSEY, D. 1974. Observations on the home range of one group of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Animal Behaviour 22:568-581.
  • FOSSEY, D. 1979. Development of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei): the first thirty-six months. Pp. 139-186 in The great apes (D. A. Hamburgand and E. R. McCown, eds.). Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
  • FOSSEY, D. 1983. Gorillas in the mist. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • FOSSEY, D. 1984. Infanticide in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) with comparative notes on chimpanzees. Pp. 217-235 in Infanticide: comparative and evolutionary perspectives (D.Hausfaterand and S. B. Hrdy, eds.). Aldine, Hawthorne, New York.
  • FRUTH, B., AND G. HOHMANN. 1996. Nest building behavior in the great apes: the great leap forward? Pp. 225-240 in Great ape societies (W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida, eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • GAGNEAUX, P., et al. 1999. Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:5077-5082.
  • GALBANY, J., et al. 2017. Body growth and life history in wild mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163:570-590. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23232.
  • GANAS, J., AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2004. Intrapopulation differences in ant eating in the mountain gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable Park, Uganda. Primates 45:275-278.
  • GANAS, J., AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2005. Ranging behavior of the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a test of the ecological constraints model. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58:277-288.
  • GANAS, J., M. M. ROBBINS, J. B. NKURUNUNGI, B. A. KAPLIN, AND A. MCNEILAGE. 2004. Dietary variability of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 25:1043-1072.
  • GARNER, K. J., AND O. A. RYDER. 1996. Mitochondrian DNA diversity in gorillas. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6:39-48.
  • GEBO, D. L. 2014. Primate comparative anatomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
  • GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE, E. 1812. Tableau des quadrumanes ou des animaux comoposant le premier ordre de la classe des mammiferes.Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris XIX:85-122, 156-170.
  • GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE, I. 1852. Sur les rapports naturels du gorille: remarques faites a la suite de la lecture de M. Duvernoy. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 36:933-936.
  • GLOWACKA, H., et al. 2017. Toughness of the Virunga mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) diet across an altitudinal gradient. American Journal of Primatology 79:e22661. doi:10.10021ajp.22661.
  • GOLDSMITH, M. L. 2003. Comparative behavioral ecology of a lowland and highland gorilla population: where do Bwindi gorillas fit? Pp. 358-384 in Gorilla biology (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • GORDON, A. D., E. MARCUS, AND B. WOOD. 2013. Great ape skeletal collections: making the most of scarce and irreplaceable resources in the digital age. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57:2-32.
  • GRAHAM, C. E. 1981. Reproductive biology of the great apes. Academic Press, New York.
  • GRAY, M., et al. 2011. Virunga Massif mountain gorilla census-2010. Unpublished report to the International Gorilla Conservation Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • GRAY, M., et al. 2013. Genetic census reveals increased but uneven growth of a critically endangered mountain gorilla population. Biological Conservation 158:230-238.
  • GROOM, A. F. G. 1973. Squeezing out the mountain gorilla. Oryx 12:207-215.
  • GROVES, C. P. 1986. Systematics of the great apes. Pp. 187-217 in Comparative primate biology.Vol. I: systematics, evolution, and anatomy (D. R. Swindler and J. Erwin, eds.). Alan R. Liss, New York.
  • GROVES, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • GROVES, C. P. 2003. A history of gorilla taxonomy. Pp. 15-34 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • GROVES, C. P., AND K. W. STOTT, Jr. 1979. Systematic relationships of gorillas from Kahuzi, Tshiaberimu and Kayonza. Folia Primatologica 32:161-179.
  • GRUETER, C. C., et al. 2013a. Long-term temporal and spatial dynamics of food availability for endangered mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park,Rwanda.American Journal of Primatology 75:267-280.
  • GRUETER, C. C., M. M. ROBBINS, F. NDAGIJIMANA, AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2013b. Possible tool use in a mountain gorilla. Behavioural Processes 100:160-162.
  • GRUETER, C. C., AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2016. Homosexual behavior in female mountain gorillas: reflection of dominance, affiliation, reconciliation or arousal? PLoS One 11:e0154185.
  • GRUETER, C. C., et al. 2016a. Causes, mechanisms, and consequences of contest competition among female mountain gorillas in Rwanda. Behavioral Ecology 27:766-776.
  • GRUETER, C. C., et al. 2016b. Elevated activity in adult mountain gorillas is related to consumption of bamboo shoots. Journal of Mammalogy 97:1663-1670.
  • GUSCHANSKI, K., L. VIGILANT, A. MCNEILAGE, M. GRAY, E. KAGODA, AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2009. Counting elusive animals: comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Biological Conservation 142:290-300.
  • HABUMUREMYI, S., C. STEPHENS, K. A. FAWCETT, T. DESCHNER, AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2016. Endocrine assessment of ovarian cycle activity in wild female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Physiology and Behavior 157:185-195.
  • HARCOURT, A. H. 1977. Virunga gorillas-the case against translocations. Oryx 13:469-472.
  • HARCOURT, A. H., D. FOSSEY, K. J. STEWART, AND D. P. WATTS. 1980. Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement 28:59-70.
  • HARCOURT, A. H., AND K. J. STEWART. 1984. Gorillas' time feeding: aspects of methodology, body size, composition and diet. African Journal of Ethology 22:207-215.
  • HARCOURT, A. H., K. J. STEWART, AND D. FOSSEY. 1976. Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorillas. Nature 263:226-227.
  • HARRISON, R. M., AND R. W. LEWIS. 1986. The male reproductive tract and its fluids. Pp. 101-148 in Reproduction and development; comparative primate biology, volume 3 (W. R. Dukelowand and J. Erwin, eds.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
  • HASSELL, J. M., et al. 2013. Occurrence and molecular analysis of Balantidium coli in mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in the volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49:1063-1065.
  • HEDWIG, D., K. HAMMERSCHMIDT, R. MUNDRY, M. M. ROBBINS, AND C. BOESCH. 2014. Acoustic structure and variation in mountain and western gorilla close calls: a syntactic approach. Behaviour 151:1091-1120.
  • HILL, W. C. O., AND W. B. SPATZ. 1970. On two new Gorilla fetuses. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 68:331-359.
  • HOSOKAWA, H., AND T. KAMIYA. 1961. Anatomical sketches of visceral organs of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 3:1-28.
  • IBanEZ- GIMENO, P., I. GALTeS, J. MANYOSA, A. MALGOSA, AND X. JORDANA. 2014. Analysis of the forearm rotational efficiency in extant hominoids: new insights into the functional implications of upper limb skeletal structure. Journal of Human Evolution 76:165-176.
  • INOGWABINI, B. I., J. S. HALL, A. VEDDER, B. CURRAN, J. YAMAGIWA, AND K. BASABOSE. 2000. Status of large mammals in the mountain sector of Kahuzi- Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, in 1996. African Journal of Ecology 38:269-276.
  • INOUYE, S. E. 1994. The ontogeny of knuckle-walking behavior and associated morphology in the African apes. Ph.D.dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
  • ITO, A., W. ECKARDT, T. S. STOINSKI, T. R. GILLESPIE, AND T. TOKIWA. 2016. Prototapirella ciliates from wild habituated Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda with the descriptions of two new species. European Journal of Protistology 54:47-58.
  • ITO, A., W. ECKARDT, T. S. STOINSKI, T. R. GILLESPIE, AND T. TOKIWA. 2017. Gorilloflasca africana ng, n. sp., (Entodiniomorphida) from wild habituated Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda. European Journal of Protistology 60:68-75. doi:10.1016/ j.ejop.2017.06.002.
  • JACOBS, S. C., B. A. BEEHLER, G. BOESE, M. T. STORY, L. J. CLOWRY, AND R. K. LAWSON. 1984. The prostate of the gorilla. The Prostate 5:597-603.
  • JUNGERS, W. L., AND R. S. SUSMAN. 1984. Body size and skeletal allometry in African Apes. Pp. 131-178 in The pygmy chimpanzee: evolutionary biology and behavior (R. S. Susman, ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
  • KALEMA- ZIKUSOKA, G., J. M. ROTHMAN, AND M. T. FOX. 2005. Intestinal parasites and bacteria of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Primates 46:59-63.
  • KALPERS, J., et al. 2003. Gorillas in the crossfire: population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades. Oryx 37:326-337.
  • KATOH, S., et al. 2016. New geological and paleontological age constraint for the gorilla-human lineage split. Nature 530:215-218.
  • KINANI, J. F., AND D. ZIMMERMAN. 2015. Tool use for food acquisition in a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 77:353-357.
  • KRALICK, A. E., et al. 2017. A radiographic study of permanent molar development in wild Virunga mountain gorillas of known chronological age from Rwanda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163:129-147.
  • KUNIMATSU, Y., et al. 2007. A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104:19220-19225.
  • LANGERGRABER, K. E., et al. 2012. Generation times in wild chimpanzees and gorillas suggest earlier divergence times in great ape and human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 109:15716-15721.
  • LEIGH, S. R., J. H. RELETHFORD, P. B. PARK, AND L. W. KONIGSBERG. 2003. Morphological differentiation of gorilla subspecies. Pp. 104-131 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • LoNNBERG, E. 1917. Mammals collected in central Africa by Captain E. Arrhenius. Proceedings, Kunglisk Svenska Vetensk-Akademisk Handlingar 58:1-110.
  • LOVELL, N. 1990. Skeletal and dental pathology of free-ranging mountain gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81:399-412.
  • LUCKETT, W. P. 1974. Comparative development and evolution of the placenta in primates. Contributions to Primatology 3:142-234.
  • MAHANEY, W. C., D. P. WATTS, AND R. G. V. HANCOCK. 1990. Geophagia by mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in the Virunga Mountains, Rwanda. Primates 31:113-120.
  • MAI, L. L. 1983. A model of chromosome evolution and its bearing on cladogenesis in the Hominidae. Pp. 87-114 in New interpretations of ape and human ancestry (R. L. Ciochon and R. S. Corrunccini, eds.). Plenum, New York.
  • MAISELS, F., R. A. BERGL, AND E. A. WILLIAMSON. 2016. Gorilla gorilla (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T9404A102330408. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ details/9404/0. Accessed 7 August 2017.
  • MAPLE, T., and HOFF, M. P. 1982. Gorilla behavior. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
  • MATSCHIE, P. 1903. Uber einen Gorilla aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Sitzungsberichte des Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freude, Berlin 1903:253-259.
  • MATSCHIE, P. 1914. Neue Affen aus Mittelafrika. Sitzungsberichte des Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freude 1914:323-342.
  • MCFARLIN, S. C., et al. 2013. Early brain growth cessation in wild Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 75:450-463.
  • MCNEILAGE, A. 1995. Mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: ecology and carrying capacity. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
  • MCNEILAGE, A., et al. 2006. Census of the mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei population in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Oryx 40:419-427.
  • MORRIS, W. F., et al. 2011. Low demographic variability in wild primate populations: fitness impacts of variation, covariation, and serial correlation in vital rates. The American Naturalist 177:14-28.
  • MURNYAK, D. F. 1981. Censusing the gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park. Biological Conservation 21:163-176.
  • NADLER, R. D. 1980. Reproductive physiology and behavior of gorillas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement 28:79-89.
  • NADLER, R. D. 1989. Sexual initiation in wild mountain gorillas. International Journal of Paleontology 10:81-92
  • NAPIER, J. R., AND P. H. NAPIER. 1985. The natural history of primates. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • NSUBUGA,A. M., M. M.ROBBINS, C.BOESCH, AND L.VIGILANT. 2008. Patterns of paternity and group fission in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135:263-274.
  • OWEN, R. 1848. On a new species of chimpanzee (T. savagei). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1848:27-35.
  • PALACIOS, G., et al. 2011. Human metapneumovirus infection in wild mountain gorillas, Rwanda. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17:711-713.
  • PALOMBIT, R. A. 2012. Infanticide: male strategies and female counterstrategies. Pp. 432-468 in The evolution of primate societies (J. C. Mitani, J. Call, P. M. Kappeler, R.A. Palombit, and J. B. Silk, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • PICKFORD, M., AND B. SENUT. 2005. Hominoid teeth with chimpanzee - and gorilla-like features from the Miocene of Kenya: implications for the chronology of ape-human divergence and biogeography of Miocene hominoids. Anthropological Science 113:95-102.
  • PILBROW, V. C. 2003. Dental variation in African apes with implications for understanding patterns of variation in species of fossil apes. Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, New York.
  • PLUMPTRE, A. J., AND D. COX. 2006. Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates 47:65-73.
  • PLUMPTRE, A. J., AND E.A.W ILLIAMSON. 2001. Conservation-oriented research in the Virunga region. Pp. 361-389 in Mountain gorillas: three decades of research at karisoke (M. M. Robbins, P. Sicotte, and K. J. Stewart, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • PLUMPTRE, A. J., et al. 2016a. Catastrophic decline of world's largest primate: 80% loss of Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) population justifies critically endangered status. PLoS One 11:e0162697.
  • PLUMPTRE, A., M. ROBBINS, AND E. A. WILLIAMSON. 2016b. Gorilla beringei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T39994A17964126. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39994/0 . Accessed 31 October 2016.
  • RANDALL, F. E. 1944. The skeleton and dental development and variability of the gorilla. Human Biology 16:23-76.
  • RAVEN, H. C. 1950. Regional anatomy of the gorilla. Pp. 15-188 in The anatomy of the gorilla (W. K. Gregory, ed.). Columbia University Press, New York.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2005. Fitness consequences of dispersal decisions for male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58:295-309.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., M. M. ROBBINS, AND K. FAWCETT. 2007. Maternal investment of the Virunga mountain gorillas. Ethology 113:235-245.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., M. M. ROBBINS, N. GERALD- STEKLIS, AND H. D. STEKLIS. 2006. Age-related patterns of reproductive success among female mountain gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131:511-521.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., T. S. STOINSKI, K. A. FAWCETT, AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2009. Socioecological influences on the dispersal of female mountain gorillas- evidence of a second folivore paradox. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63:477-489.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., T. STOINSKI, K. FAWCETT, AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2011. Lifetime reproductive success of female mountain gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146:582-593.
  • ROBBINS, A. M., et al. 2013. Impact of male infanticide on the social structure of mountain gorillas. PLoS One 8:e78256.
  • ROBBINS, M. M. 1996. Male-male interactions in heterosexual and all-male wild mountain gorilla groups. Ethology 102:942-965.
  • ROBBINS, M. M. 1999. Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. Animal Behaviour 57:1013-1020.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., AND A. MCNEILAGE. 2003. Home range and frugivory patterns of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 24:467-491.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., et al. 2016. Behavioral variation in gorillas: evidence of potential cultural traits. PLoS One 11:e0160483.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., M. BERMEJO, C. CIPOLLETTA, F. MAGLIOCCA, R. J. PARNELL, AND E. STOKES. 2004. Social structure and life-history patterns in western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology 64:145-159.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., et al. 2011. Extreme conservation leads to recovery of the Virunga mountain gorillas. PLoS One 6:e19788.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., M. GRAY, E.KAGODA, AND A. W.R OBBINS. 2009. Population dynamics of the Bwindi mountain gorillas. Biological Conservation 142:2886-2895.
  • ROBBINS, M. M., A. M. ROBBINS, N. GERALD- STEKLIS, AND H. D. STEKLIS. 2007. Socioecological influences on the reproductive success of female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:919-931.
  • ROGERS, M. E., et al. 2004. Western gorilla diet: a synthesis from six sites. American Journal of Primatology 64:173-192.
  • ROSEN, S. I. 1972. Twin gorilla fetuses. Folia Primatologica 17:132-141.
  • ROSENBAUM, S., J. P. HIRWA, J. B. SILK, AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2016a. Relationships between adult male and maturing mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) persist across developmental stages and social upheaval. Ethology 122:134-150.
  • ROSENBAUM, S., J. P. HIRWA, J. B. SILK, L. VOGILANT, AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2015. Male rank, not paternity, predicts male-immature relationships in mountain gorillas, Gorilla beringei beringei. Animal Behaviour 104:13-24.
  • ROSENBAUM, S., A. A. MALDONADO- CHAPARRO, AND T. T. STOINSKI. 2016b. Group structure predicts variation in proximity relationships between male-female and male-infant pairs of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Primates 57:17-28.
  • ROTHMAN, J. M., J. B. NKURUNUNGI, B. F. SHANNON, AND M. A. H. BRYER. 2014. High altitude diets: implications for the feeding and nutritional ecology of mountain gorillas. Pp. 247-264 in High altitude primates, developments in primatology: progress and prospects (N. B. Grow, S. Gursky-Doyen, and A. Krzton, eds.). Springer, New York.
  • ROTHMAN, J. M., A. N. PELL, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND C. M. MCCANN. 2006. Plant choice in the construction of night nests by gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. American Journal of Primatology 68:361-368.
  • ROTHMAN, J. M., A. J. PLUMPTRE, E. S. DIERENFELD, AND A. N. PELL. 2007. Nutritional composition of the diet of the gorilla (Gorilla beringei): a comparison between two montane habitats. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23:673-682.
  • ROTHSCHILD, W. 1908. Note on Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie. Novitates Zoologicae 15:391-392.
  • ROTHSCHILD, B. M., AND F. J. RuHLI. 2005. Comparison of arthritis characteristics in lowland Gorilla gorilla and mountain Gorilla beringei. American Journal of Primatology 66:205-218.
  • ROY, J., et al. 2014a. Recent divergences and size decreases of eastern gorilla populations. Biology Letters 10:20140811.
  • ROY, J., et al. 2014b. Challenges in the use of genetic mark-recapture to estimate the population size of Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Biological Conservation 180:249-261.
  • RUFF, C. B., M. L. BURGESS, T. G. BROMAGE, A. MUDAKIKWA, AND S. C. MCFARLIN. 2013. Ontogenetic changes in limb bone structural proportions in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Journal of Human Evolution 65:693-703.
  • RUSSO, G. A., AND S. A. WILLIAMS. 2014. "Lucy" (A.L. 288-1) had five sacral vertebrae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156:295-303.
  • SAK, B., et al. 2014. Diversity of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. PLoS One 9:e109751.
  • SALMI, R., K. HAMMERSCHMIDT, AND D. M. DORAN- SHEEHY. 2013. Western gorilla vocal repertoire and contextual use of vocalizations. Ethology 119:831-847.
  • SARMIENTO, E. E. 1994. Terrestrial traits in the hands and feet of gorillas. American Museum Novitates 3091:1-56.
  • SARMIENTO, E. E. 2003. Distribution, taxonomy, genetics, ecology, and casual links of gorilla survival: the need to develop practical knowledge for gorilla conservation. Pp. 432-471 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary approach (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • SARMIENTO, E. E., T. M. BUTYNSKI, AND J. KALINA. 1996. Gorillas of Bwindi- Impenetrable Forest and the Virunga Volcanoes: taxonomic implications of morphological and ecological differences. American Journal of Primatology 40:1-21.
  • SARMIENTO, E. E., AND J. F. OATES. 2000. The Cross River gorillas: a distinct subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904. American Museum Novitates 3304:1-55.
  • SAVAGE, T. S., AND J. WYMAN. 1847. Notice of the external characters and habits of the Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River; osteology of the same. Boston Journal of Natural History 5:417-443.
  • SCHALLER, G. B. 1963. The mountain gorilla: ecology and behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • SCHALLER, G. B. 1965. The behavior of the mountain gorilla. Pp. 324-367 in Primate behavior (I. DeVore, ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
  • SCHROER, K.,AND B.W OOD. 2013.Evolution of hominin postcanine macromorphology: a comparative meta-analysis. Pp. 170-200 in Anthropological perspectives on tooth morphology (G. R. Scottand and J. D. Irish, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • SCHULTZ, A. H. 1930. The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Human Biology 2:303-438.
  • SCHULTZ, A. H. 1950. The specializations of man and his place among the catarrhine primates. Pp. 37-53 in Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology, vol. 15. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
  • SCHULTZ, A. H., AND W. L. STRAUS, Jr. 1945. The numbers of vertebrae in primates. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 89:601-626.
  • SCHWARZ, E. 1927. Un gorille nouveau de la foret de l'Ituri, Gorilla gorilla rex-pygmaeorum subsp. n. Revue de Zoologie et Botanique Africaine 14:333-336.
  • SCHWARTZ, G. T., AND C. DEAN. 2001. Ontogeny of canine dimorphism in extant hominoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:269-283.
  • SCOTT, G. B. D. 1980. The primate caecum and appendix vermiformis: a comparative study. Journal of Anatomy 131:549-563.
  • SICOTTE, P. 2002. The function of male aggressive displays towards females in mountain gorillas. Primates 43:277-289.
  • SIGMON, B. A., AND D. L. FARSLOW. 1986. The primate hindlimb. Pp. 671- 718 in Comparative primate biology, vol. 1: systematics, evolution, and anatomy (D. R. Swindler and J. Erwin, eds.). Alan R Liss Inc., New York.
  • SLEEMAN, J. M., AND A. B. MUDAKIKWA. 1998. Analysis of urine from free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) for normal physiologic values. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29:432-434.
  • SLEEMAN, J. M., et al. 2000. Field anesthesia of free-living mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) from the Virunga Volcano Region, Central Africa. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31:9-14.
  • SMITH, R. J., AND W. L. JUNGERS. 1997. Body mass in comparative primatology. Journal of Human Evolution 32:523-559.
  • SOCHA, W. W., A. BLANCHER, AND J. MOOR- JANKOWSKI. 1995. Red cell polymorphisms in nonhuman primates: a review. Journal of Medical Primatology 24:282-305.
  • SPELMAN, L. H., et al. 2013. Respiratory disease in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, 1990-2010: outbreaks, clinical course, and medical management. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44:1027-1035.
  • STANFORD, C. B. 2001. The subspecies concept in primatology: the case of mountain gorillas. Primates 42:309-318.
  • STANFORD, C. B., AND J. B. NKURUNUNGI. 2003. Behavioral ecology of sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: diet. International Journal of Primatology 24:901-916.
  • STEWART, K. J. 1977. The birth of a wild mountain gorilla. Primates 18:965-976.
  • STEWART, K. J. 1981. Social development in wild mountain gorillas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • STEWART, K. J. 1988. Suckling and lactational anoestrus in wild gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 83:627-634.
  • STEWART, K. J., AND A. H. HARCOURT. 1987. Gorillas: variation in female relationships. Pp. 155-164 in Primate societies (B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, and T. T. Struhsaker, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • STOINSKI, T. S., B. PERDUE, T. BREUER, AND M. P. HOFF. 2013. Variability in the developmental life history of the genus Gorilla. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152:165-172.
  • SUWA, G., R. T. KONO, S. KATOH, B. ASFAW, AND Y. BEYENE. 2007. A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia. Nature 448:921-924.
  • SWINDLER, D. R. 1976. Dentition of living primates. Academic Press, New York.
  • SWINDLER, D. R. 2002. Primate dentition: an introduction to the teeth of non-human primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • TAYLOR, A. B. 1997a. Relative growth, ontogeny, and sexual dimorphism in Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla and G. g. beringei): evolutionary and ecological considerations. American Journal of Primatology 43:1-31.
  • TAYLOR, A. B. 1997b. Scapular form and biomechanics in gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution 33:529-553.
  • TAYLOR, A. B. 2003. Ontogeny and function of the masticatory complex in gorilla: functional, evolutionary, and taxonomic implications. Pp. 132-189 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • TAYLOR, A. B., AND C. P. GROVES. 2003. Patterns of mandibular variation in Pan and Gorilla and implications for African ape taxonomy. Journal of Human Evolution 44:529-561.
  • TOCHERI, M. W., et al. 2011. Ecological divergence and medial cuneiform morphology in gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution 60:171-184.
  • TOCHERI, M. W., et al. 2016. The evolutionary origin and population history of the Grauer gorilla. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 159:S4-S18.
  • TUTTLE, R. H. 1986. Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality, and ecology. Noyes Publications, New Jersey.
  • TUTTLE, R. H., AND D. P.WATTS. 1985. The positional behavior and adaptive complexes of Pan gorilla. Pp. 261-288 in Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and human bipedalism (S. Kondo, ed.). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.
  • UCHIDA, A. 1996. Craniodental variation among the great apes. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • UCHIDA, A. 1998. Variation in tooth morphology of Gorilla gorilla. Journal of Human Evolution 34:55-70.
  • VEDDER, A. L. 1984. Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability. American Journal of Primatology 7:73-88.
  • VEDDER, A., AND C. AVELING. 1986. Census of the Virunga Population of Gorilla gorilla beringei. Unpublished Coordinator's Report, September 1986, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.
  • VIGILANT, L., J. ROY, B. J. BRADLEY, C. J. STONEKING, M. M. ROBBINS, AND T. S. STOINSKI. 2015. Reproductive competition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate species with habitual female dispersal. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69:1163-1172.
  • VOGEL, C. 1961. Zur systematischen Untergliederung der Gattung Gorilla anhand von Untersuchungen der Mandibel. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 26:65-128.
  • WARREN, Y., AND E. A. WILLIAMSON. 2004. Transport of dead infant mountain gorillas by mothers and unrelated females. Zoo Biology 23:375-378.
  • WASSERMAN, M. D., A. TAYLOR- GUTT, J. M. ROTHMAN, C. A. CHAPMAN, K. MILTON, AND D. C. LEITMAN. 2012. Estrogenic plant foods of red colobus monkeys and mountain gorillas in Uganda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:88-97.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1989. Ant eating behavior of mountain gorillas. Primates 30:121-125.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1991a. Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas. Folia Primatologica 56:1-16.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1991b. Mountain gorilla reproduction and sexual behavior. American Journal of Primatology 24:211-226.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1992. Social relationships of immigrant and resident female mountain gorillas, I: male-female relationships. American Journal of Primatology 28:159-181.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1995. Post-conflict social events in wild mountain gorillas. 1: social interactions between opponents. Ethology 100:158-174.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1996. Comparative socio-ecology of gorillas. Pp. 16-28 in Great ape society (W. C. McGrew, L. F. Merchant, and T. Nishida, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • WATTS, D. P. 1998. Seasonality in the ecology and life histories of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). International Journal of Primatology 19:929-948.
  • WATTS, D. P. 2000. Mountain gorilla habitat use strategies and group movements. Pp. 351-374 in On the move: how and why animals travel in groups (S. Boinski and P. A. Garber, eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • WATTS, D.P. 2003. Gorilla social relationships: a comparative overview. Pp. 302-327 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • WHITTIER, C. A., L. A. MILLIGAN, F. B. NUTTER, M. R. CRANFIELD, AND M. L. POWER. 2011. Proximate composition of milk from freeranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Zoo Biology 30:308-317.
  • WILLIAMS, S. A. 2012. Placement of the diaphragmatic vertebra in catarrhines: implications for the evolution of dorsostability in hominoids and bipedalism in hominins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:111-122.
  • WILLIAMS, S. A., MIDDLETON, E. R., VILLAMIL, C. I., AND SHATTUCK, M. R. 2016. Vertebral numbers and human evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159:S19-S36.
  • WILLIAMSON, E. A., AND T. M. BUTYNSKI. 2013. Gorilla beringei, eastern gorilla. Pp. 45-53 in Mammals of Africa. Volume II: primates (T. M. Butynski, J. Kingdon, and J. Kalina, eds.). Bloomsbury Publishing, London, United Kingdom.
  • WILLIAMSON, E. A., AND N. GERALD- STEKLIS. 2001. Composition of Gorilla gorilla beringei groups monitored by Karisoke Research Center, 2001. African Primates 5:48-51.
  • WRIGHT, E., C. C. GRUETER, N. SEILER, D. ABAVANDIMWE, T. S. STOINSKI, S. ORTMANN, AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2015. Energetic responses to variation in food availability in the two mountain gorilla populations (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158:487-500.
  • WRIGHT, E., AND M. M. ROBBINS. 2014. Proximate mechanisms of contest competition among female Bwindi mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68:1785-1797.
  • XUE, Y., et al. 2015. Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of longterm population decline and inbreeding. Science 348:242-245.
  • YAMAGIWA, J. 1983. Diachronic changes in two eastern lowland groups (Gorilla gorilla graueri) in the Mt. Kahuzi region, Zaire. Primates 24:174-183.
  • YAMAGIWA, J. 1987. Intra- and inter-group interactions of an all-male group of Virunga mountain gorillas. Primates 28:1-30.
  • YAMAGIWA, J. 2001. Factors influencing the formation of ground nests by eastern lowland gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park: some evolutionary implications for nesting behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 40:99-109.
  • YAMAGIWA, J. 2006. Playful encounters: the development of homosexual behaviour in male mountain gorillas. Pp. 273-293 in Homosexual behaviour in animals: an evolutionary perspective (V. Sommer and P. L. Vasey, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., K. BASABOSE, K. KALEME, AND T. YUMOTO. 2003. Withingroup feeding competition and socioecological factors influencing social organization of gorillas in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pp. 328-357 in Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective (A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., A. K. BASABOSE, K. KALEME, AND T. YUMOTO. 2005. Diet of Grauer's gorillas in the montane forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of Congo. International Journal of Primatology 26:1345-1373.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., AND J.KAHEKWA. 2001. Dispersal patterns, group structure and reproductive parameters of eastern lowland gorillas at Kahuzi in the absence of infanticide. Pp. 89-122 in Mountain gorillas: three decades of research at Karisoke (M. M. Robbins, P. Sicotte, and K. J. Stewart, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., AND J. KAHEKWA. 2004. First observations of infanticides by a silverback in Kahuzi-Biega. Gorilla Journal 29:6-9.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., N. MWANZA, A.S PANGENBERG, T.MARUHASHI, T. F.A.Y UMOTO, AND B. STEINHAUER- BURKART. 1993. A census of the eastern lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla graueri in Kahuzi-Biega National Park with reference to mountain gorillas G. g. beringei in the Virunga region, Zaire. Biological Conservation 64:83-89.
  • YAMAGIWA, J., et al. 2012. Long-term research on Grauer's gorillas in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC: life history, foraging strategies, and ecological differentiation from sympatric chimpanzees. Pp. 385- 412 in Long-term field studies of primates (P. M. Kappeler and D. P. Watts, eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
  • YERKES, R. M., AND A. W. YERKES. 1929. The great apes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.