ALS-based DEMs (100 cm): the dynamics of the prehistoric communities located in the Mostiștea Valley and Danube Plain (between Oltenița and Călărași)

This dataset is part of a larger project on the dynamics of the prehistoric communities located in the Mostiștea Valley and Danube Plain (between Oltenița and Călărași), supervised by the ArchaeoSciences Division of the Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB)  and Kiel University (Germany), in partnership with HOGENT, University of Applied Sciences and Arts (Belgium), Museum of Bucharest, Museum of the Lower Danube Călărași, Museum of Gumelnița Civilization Oltenița, and "Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology (Romania), under the "Sultana School of Archaeology" initiative.

Spatial data play a crucial role in archaeological research, and orthophotos, digital elevation models, and 3D models are frequently used for the mapping, documentation, and monitoring of archaeological sites. Thanks to the availability of compact and low-cost uncrewed airborne vehicles, the use of UAV-based photogrammetry is well matured in this field over the last two decades. More recently, compact airborne systems are also available that allow the recording of thermal data, multispectral data, and airborne laser scanning. For this project, various platforms and sensors are applied at the Chalcolithic archaeological sites in the Mostiștea Basin and Danube Valley (Southern Romania). By analyzing the performance of the systems and the resulting data, insight is given into the selection of the appropriate system for the right application. This analysis requires thorough knowledge of data acquisition and data processing as well. As both laser scanning and photogrammetry typically result in very large amounts of data, a special focus is also required on the storage and publication of the data. Hence, the objective of this project is to provide a full overview of various aspects of 3D data acquisition for UAV-based mapping. Based on the conclusions drawn in our related publications, it is stated that photogrammetry and laser scanning can result in data with similar geometrical properties when acquisition parameters are appropriately set. On the one hand, however, the used ALS-based system outperforms the photogrammetric platforms in terms of operational time and the area covered. On the other hand, conventional photogrammetry provides flexibility that might be required for very low-altitude flights, or emergency mapping. Furthermore, as the used ALS sensor only provides a geometrical representation of the topography, photogrammetric sensors are still required to obtain true color- or false color composites of the surface. Lastly, the variety of data, like pre- and post-rendered raster data, 3D models, and point clouds, requires the implementation of multiple methods for the online publication of data. Various client-side and server-side solutions are presented to make the data available for other researchers.