Multi-species transcriptome assemblies of cultivated and wild lentils (Lens sp) provide a first glimpse at the lentil pangenome

Lentils (Lens sp.) are one of the main sources of protein for humans in many regions, in part because their rusticity allows them to withstand semi-dry climates and tolerate a wide spectrum of pests. Both are also highly sought-after attributes to face climate change. Wild accessions, rather than cultivated varieties, are typically the holders of most influential alleles for rusticity traits. However, most genomic and transcriptomic research conducted in lentils has been carried out on commercial accessions (L. culinaris), while wild relatives have been largely neglected. Herein, we assembled, annotated, and evaluated the transcriptomes of eight lentil accessions, including the cultivated Lens culinaris, and the wild relatives: L. orientalis, L. tomentosus, L. ervoides, L. lamottei, L. nigricans, and two L. odemensis. The assemblies allowed for the first time a comparison among different lentil taxa at the coding sequence level, providing further insights into the evolutionary relationships between cultivated and wild germplasm, and suggesting a grouping of the seven accessions into at least three conceivable gene pools. Moreover, orthologous clustering allowed a first estimation of the lentil pan-transcriptome. It is composed of 15,910 core genes, encoded in all accessions, and 24,226 accessory genes. The different pan-transcriptome clusters were also screened for Pfam-domain enrichment. The present study has a high novelty as it is the first pan-transcriptome analysis using six wild species in addition to cultivated species. Because of the amount of transcript sequences provided, our findings will greatly boost lentil research and assist breeding efforts.