Lonchodryinus ruficornis

3. Lonchodryinus ruficornis (Dalman, 1818)

(Plates 59A, B, 60A, B, 61A – C)

Gonatopus ruficornis Dalman 1818: 83.

Prenanteon pektusanense Móczár 1983a: 187 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Mt. Pektusan (North Korea).

Prenanteon clavatum Móczár 1983a: 189 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Mt. Pektusan (North Korea).

Lonchodryinus ruficornis (Dalman): Olmi 1984: 258; Olmi 2004c: 305; Xu et al. 2012a: 11.

Lonchodryinus kotenkoi Ponomarenko 1992: 930 (synonymized by Olmi 1998e); type locality: mouth of Tiatinka River (Kuril Islands, Russia).

Lonchodryinus melaphelus Xu & He 1994a: 130; type locality: Menyuan (Qinghai, China); syn. nov.

Description of female (Plate 59A, B): usually fully winged (macropterous: plate 59A, B), rarely brachypterous; intermediate lengths of wings are known from Sweden and Scotland, Shetland Island. Length 1.9–4.7 mm. Head usually black, except mandible yellow, with teeth dark (occasionally head brown-reddish; or head black, except malar space and face broadly whitish or yellow); clypeus yellow, or black, or reddish-dark. In few specimens from Russia, Sakhalin Island (47°14.39'N 142°46.35'E and 47°14.56'N 142°46.56'E) head brown, except ventral side, mandible, clypeus, malar space and anterior region of face testaceous; in addition face laterally with reddish stripe along orbits, temple and vertex with wide reddish areas on sides of ocellar triangle. Antenna completely testaceous, or brown, except segments 1–2 or 1–3 testaceous. Occasionally antenna brown, except segment 1 testaceous; occasionally also antennal segments 6–10 or 7–10 testaceous. Mesosoma usually black, rarely brown-reddish. Metasoma black or brown-testaceous. Legs completely testaceous, or with metacoxa basally black; occasionally stalk of metafemur brown. In specimen from Sweden, 68°20'N 18°52'E, head and mesosoma testaceous-reddish, except mandible and antenna yellow; legs yellow; metasoma testaceous. Antenna slightly clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 12:6:13:14:12:12:10:10:10:15. Head shiny, smooth, strongly punctate, unsculptured among punctures; occipital carina complete; POL = 7; OL = 4; OOL = 10; OPL = 8; TL = 8. Frontal line absent. Face usually without median groove or with discal impression, occasionally with deep groove. Pronotum shiny, strongly punctate; pronotal tubercle reaching tegula. Scutum shiny, smooth, unsculptured; occasionally scutum finely or strongly punctate and unsculptured among punctures. Notauli incomplete, with length very variable, reaching 0.3–0.75 length of scutum. Aspect of notauli variable, slight or strongly deep. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, unsculptured, or punctate and unsculptured among punctures. Propodeum reticulate rugose, with or without transverse keel between dorsal and posterior inclined surface; posterior surface with two longitudinal keels. Median area of posterior surface of propodeum usually dull and as rugose as lateral areas; however, occasionally median area shiny, smooth and not rugose. In specimen from Japan, 42°55'N 142°45'E, posterior surface of propodeum strongly rugose, with indistinct longitudinal keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein approximately as long as, or slightly shorter or longer than proximal part; stigmal vein usually regularly curved, not forming angle between distal and proximal part, rarely forming angle. Protarsal segment 1 usually slightly longer than segment 4 (9:7); in small specimens segment 1 of protarsus about twice as long as segment 4. Segment 2 of protarsus produced into hook. Enlarged claw (Plate 60B) with proximal prominence bearing one long bristle. Segment 5 of protarsus (Plate 60B) with basal part shorter than distal part, with 1–2 rows of 15–20 lamellae; distal apex with three–five lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

PLATE 58. A. Chela. B, C. Male genitalia. A. Lonchodryinus bimaculatus from China, Guizhou. B. L. bimaculatus from China, Gansu. C. L. nepalensis, holotype (from Olmi 1984). Scale bar 0.12 mm for A, 0.20 mm for B and 0.23 mm for C.

Description of male (Plates 60A, 61A): fully winged (macropterous); length 2.1–3.7 mm. Black; mandible testaceous, except teeth brown; antenna usually brown, occasionally testaceous; legs testaceous, except coxae partly brown; occasionally also clubs of femora partly brown. In one specimen from Sweden, 68°20'N 18°52'E, and in two specimens from England, Awbridge, body testaceous-reddish, except mandible, antenna and legs yellow and metasoma testaceous. Antenna filiform. Head shiny, finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures; occipital carina complete; POL = 5; OL = 2.5; OOL = 8; OPL = 4; TL = 5. Occasionally TL slightly longer or slightly shorter than POL. Face with or without more or less deep central impression. Scutum, scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures. Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.5 length of scutum. Propodeum dull, reticulate rugose; posterior surface with two longitudinal keels and with median area usually as rugose as lateral areas; occasionally median area smooth and shiny, almost without sculpture. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein approximately as long as, or slightly shorter, or longer than proximal part; stigmal vein usually regularly curved, not forming angle between distal and proximal part, rarely forming angle. Paramere (Plate 61B) without distal inner process and without papillae on inner side, with shape very variable (Plate 61C). Tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Material examined. Types: ♀ lectotype of Gonatopus ruficornis (designated by Olmi, 1984): SWEDEN: Västergötland (NRS); ♀ holotype of P. clavatum: NORTH KOREA: Ryang-gang Prov., Chann-Pay plateau, 24 Km NW from Sam-zi-yan, road to Mt. Pektusan, 2000 m, 24.VII.1975, J. Papp & A. Vojnits leg. (NMNH); ♀ holotype of P. pektusanense: NORTH KOREA: Ryang-gang Prov., Chann-Pay plateau, 24 Km NW from Sam-zi-yan, road to Mt. Pektusan, 2000 m, 24.VII.1975, J. Papp & A. Vojnits leg. (NMNH); ♀ holotype of L. kotenkoi: RUSSIA: Kunashir Island, Mouth of Tiatinka River, 6.VIII.1988, border of the wood, A. Kotenko leg. (ZMM); ♂ holotype of L. melaphelus: CHINA: Qinghai, Menyuan County, 17.VII.1990, Guoqing Liu leg. (ZJUC). Paratypes of L. ruficornis: same locality label as lectotype, 3♀♀ (NRS). Paratypes of P. clavatum: same locality label as holotype, ♂ allotype (NMNH). Paratypes of P. pektusanense: NORTH KOREA: Ryang-gang Prov., Chann-Pay plateau, Sam-zi-yan, 1500 m, 24.VIII.1971, S. Horvatovich & J. Papp leg., 1♀ (NMNH); Ryang-gang Prov., Chann-Pay plateau, environs of Mt. Pektusan, Sam-zi-yan Hotel, lake-shore, 19.VII.1977, Dely & Draskovits leg., 1♀ (NMNH). Paratypes of L. kotenkoi: same locality label as holotype, 1♀ and 2♂ (ZMM). Paratypes of L. melaphelus: same locality label as holotype, 3♂ (ZJUC); same locality label as holotype, 4.VIII.1990, 1♂ (AMNH). Other material. CHINA: Shaanxi, Foping County, 3.VI.1996, Linaxi Xing leg., 2♂ (ZJUC); Sichuan, Wolong National Nature Reserve, 21.VII.2006, Hongying Zhang leg., 1♂ (SCAU); Sichuan, Wanglang National Nature Reserve, 26.VII.2006, Hongying Zhang leg., 1♂ (SCAU); Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Ranwu-Bomi, 3111 m, 11.VI.2009, Jiangli Tan leg., 1♂ (SCAU). Palaearctic: CHINA: Hebei, Zhangjiakou, Mt. Xiaowutaishan, 20–22.VIII.2005, Jingxian Liu & Liqiong Weng leg., 4♀♀ (SCAU); Hebei, Mt. Xiaowutaishan, Donglingkou, 21.VIII.2005, Min Shi leg., 1♀ (SCAU); same locality label, 23.VIII.2005, Hongying Zhang leg., 1♂ (SCAU); same locality label, 20.VIII.2005, Min Shi leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Shuimogou-Zengghou, 31.VII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Nangou, 1.VIII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Shuimogou-Nangou, 1.VIII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 2♀♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Gulaben-Dayanggou, 23.VII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Gulaben-Luancangou, 26.VII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Halawu-Huangtuliang, 5.VIII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♂ (SCAU); Inner Mongolia, Mt. Helanshan, Halawu-Chakou, 6.VIII.2010, Rui Guo leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, Longde, Mt. Liupanshan, Sutai, 24.VI.2008, Jingxian Liu leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, Mt. Liupanshan, 7–14.VII.2008, Jiemin Yao leg., 3♀♀ and 1♂ (SCAU); Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, Mt. Liupanshan, 26.VI.2008, Hongying Zhang leg., 2♂ (SCAU); Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, Mt. Liupanshan, 24.VI.2008, 4.VII.2008, Jingxian Liu leg., 1♀ and two ♂ (SCAU); Qinghai (Xu & He, 1994).

Hosts. Cicadellidae (excluding Typhlocybinae) (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997): in England: Conosanus obsoletus (Kirschbaum); Euscelis incisus (Kirschbaum); Mocydia crocea (Herrich-Schäffer); Elymana sulphurella (Zetterstedt); Macrosteles laevis (Ribaut); Arthaldeus pascuellus (Fallén); Jassargus distinguendus (Flor); Jassargus flori (Fieber); Psammotettix cephalotes (Herrich-Schäffer); Psammotettix confinis (Dahlbom); Psammotettix nodosus (Ribaut); in Germany: Streptanus sordidus (Zetterstedt); in Italy: Jassargus alpinus (Then); Jassargus bisubulatus (Then); in Poland: Errastunus ocellaris (Fallén); Jassargus obtusivalvis (Kirschbaum); in Russia: Macrosteles laevis (Ribaut).

Natural enemies. In United Kingdom L. ruficornis can be parasitized by Ismarus rugulosus Förster (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) (Waloff, 1975; Olmi, 2000a).

Distribution. China (Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia), Sweden (Västergötland), North Korea (Ryang-gang), Russia (Kunashir). Species known also from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Mongolia, Montenegro, North Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European Russia, Kuril Archipelago, Siberia), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom (Olmi, 1984, 1999a).

Remarks. Specimens from Japan are larger than specimens from other countries; on the other hand, very small female specimens (1.9–2.4 mm) occur in Northern Europe (for example in ZMUH there is an interesting series collected by W. Hellén in Finland, Fokstus, Dovre, composed of only very small female specimens). Lonchodryinus ruficornis was erroneously quoted in the past (Olmi, 1984) from Nepal. Now the above quotation has to be attributed to L. sinensis Olmi. Lonchodryinus melaphelus Xu & He, 1994 was considered in the past synonym of L. sinensis Olmi, 1984 (Olmi, 2000b). That synonymy was erroneous. A series of females and males of L. sinensis collected in Myanmar, Kambaiti, proved that the male of this species is not melaphelus. Really, L. melaphelus is junior synonym of L. ruficornis. There are no differences between the males of these two species.